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1. The three major types of interaction among organisms in an ecosystem are 1. The three major types of interaction among organisms in an ecosystem are competition, competition, predation, and predation, and symbiosis. symbiosis.

2. Competition is the struggle between organisms that attempt to use the same limited resources. 2. Competition is the struggle between organisms that attempt to use the same limited resources. Organisms that are better at competing are more likely to get and use the available resources. Organisms that are better at competing are more likely to get and use the available resources.

3. Resources are the things that organisms obtain from their environment in order to survive. 3. Resources are the things that organisms obtain from their environment in order to survive. They include and shelter. They include food, water and shelter. Some resources are limited. Some resources are limited.

4. Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism for food. 4. Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism for food. The organism that does the killing is the predator. The organism that does the killing is the predator. The organism that is eaten as food is the prey. The organism that is eaten as food is the prey.

5. Predators generally have traits that enhance their ability to capture prey, such as fast speed, keen eyesight, and sharp teeth. 5. Predators generally have traits that enhance their ability to capture prey, such as fast speed, keen eyesight, and sharp teeth.

6. Prey have traits that help them avoid being captured, such as the 6. Prey have traits that help them avoid being captured, such as the ability to escape quickly or to hide in the environment. Some prey have fur or skin colors and patterns to help them blend in to their environment. They are camouflaged. ability to escape quickly or to hide in the environment. Some prey have fur or skin colors and patterns to help them blend in to their environment. They are camouflaged.

Which one is the predator and which one is the prey? lioness zebra

Which one is the predator and which one is the prey? fox hare

Which one is the predator and which one is the prey? osprey fish

Which one is the predator and which one is the prey? roadrunner snake

7. Populations of predators and prey typically follow a pattern over time. 7. Populations of predators and prey typically follow a pattern over time. At some point, the prey population grows so large that prey are easy to find. At some point, the prey population grows so large that prey are easy to find.

In turn, the predator population grows because they have a good supply of food. In turn, the predator population grows because they have a good supply of food. As the predator population grows, they continue to feed on prey. As the predator population grows, they continue to feed on prey. This causes the prey population to decrease. This causes the prey population to decrease.

As the food supply decreases, the large population of predators can no longer be supported. As the food supply decreases, the large population of predators can no longer be supported. Then, the predator population decreases. Then, the predator population decreases.

When there are fewer predators, the prey population can grow and the cycle repeats. When there are fewer predators, the prey population can grow and the cycle repeats.

symbiosis 8. What is a close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one of the species?

9. What are the different kinds of symbiosis? Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

11. Go to the 3 rd picture on the top row. Rhizobium bacteria live in small growths called _________________ on the roots of _____________ such as beans, peanuts, and soybeans. The bacteria get their nutrients from the plant’s roots and the plant is supplied with abundant ________________ compounds

11. Go to the 3 rd picture on the top row. Rhizobium bacteria live in small growths called nodules on the roots of legumes such as beans, peanuts, and soybeans. The bacteria get their nutrients from the plant’s roots and the plant is supplied with abundant nitrogen compounds

12. Go to the 4 th picture on the top row. An ___________ and a _______________ combine to form a lichen. The _______ produces food for the ___________________. The fungus provides ______________ for the alga

12. Go to the 4 th picture on the top row. An alga and a fungus combine to form a lichen. The alga produces food for the fungus. The fungus provides moisture/water for the alga

10. Mutualism both organisms benefit + This is a “win-win” situation because both organisms get something helpful from the relationship. Think about teammates. They work together and help each other to try to win a competition.

13. Commensalism one organism benefits one organism is unaffected + 0 This is a “win-draw” situation because only one organisms get something helpful from the relationship. The other is not harmed, but it is not helped, either. Think about neighbors. They help each other out sometimes. They may borrow some sugar or a lawn mower. It doesn’t hurt you or help you.

14. Parasitism A parasite is basically a thief! They steal something (often blood or food) from the other organism. one organism benefits one organism is harmed + - This is a “win-lose” situation because one organism gets something helpful from the relationship, but the other one is harmed.

Parasitism 15 (10). The organism that benefits in a parasitic relationship is called the parasite. The organism that is harmed in a parasitic relationship is called the host.

Common Parasites

Mutualism: both benefit Example 1: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Moray eel gets a clean mouth. Cleaner Fish gets a meal.

Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example 2: Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass. Egrets hang around and eat insects.

Example 3: Tick on a dog Ticks feed on the blood of their hosts. Dog may contract diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever and become anemic or paralyzed. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example 4: Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection. Anemone is unaffected.

Mutualism: both benefit Example 5: Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites. Oxbird gets a meal.

Example 6: Taenia worm in human eye Worm infects human blood stream. Human may go blind. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

Taenia saginata, also known as the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans, causing taeniasis in humans. Taenia saginata, also known as the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans, causing taeniasis in humans.taeniasis Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene, human feces are improperly disposed of, meat inspection programs are poor, and where meat is eaten without proper cooking. Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene, human feces are improperly disposed of, meat inspection programs are poor, and where meat is eaten without proper cooking.

Cattle become infected from ingesting the eggs making them an intermediate host. Cattle become infected from ingesting the eggs making them an intermediate host. Humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat, making them the host. Humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat, making them the host. Taenia saginata infestations occur worldwide, however, only 1% in the United States. Taenia saginata infestations occur worldwide, however, only 1% in the United States. The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of Eastern Europe, the Philippines, and Latin America. The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of Eastern Europe, the Philippines, and Latin America.

Example 7: Acacia plant with ant galls Bull horn acacia trees provide nutrients and housing for acacia ants. Acacia ants attack herbivores that try to eat the leaves. Mutualism: both benefit.

Some types of acacia trees have evolved special structures to support acacia ant colonies…The trees also excrete nectar for ant food and have swollen hollow thorns that can be used for nest sites. Some types of acacia trees have evolved special structures to support acacia ant colonies…The trees also excrete nectar for ant food and have swollen hollow thorns that can be used for nest sites. The trees produce not only nectar but also special oil- and protein-rich nodules on their young leaf tips. The orange bodies on the tips of new leaflets are used only to feed the ants. The trees produce not only nectar but also special oil- and protein-rich nodules on their young leaf tips. The orange bodies on the tips of new leaflets are used only to feed the ants. These provide all the nutrition the ant colony will ever need. To allow the tree better growing opportunities, the ants even trim away weeds from its base. These provide all the nutrition the ant colony will ever need. To allow the tree better growing opportunities, the ants even trim away weeds from its base. In return, the ants, which are equipped with powerful stingers, attack caterpillars and deer and any other animals that try to eat the acacia leaves. In return, the ants, which are equipped with powerful stingers, attack caterpillars and deer and any other animals that try to eat the acacia leaves.

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