Rosids – Part 2: Eurosids I – Rosales, Fagales & Myrtales Spring 2011

“Lower” Core tricolpates Rosids (Eurosids II) (Eurosids I) “Basal” rosids Figure 9.3 from the text

Core Eudicots: Rosids “Basal” Rosids: Order Vitales Eurosids I (Fabids): Order Malpighiales Order Cucurbitales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Fagales Order Myrtales Eurosids II (Malvids): Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 (after spring break!)

Core Eudicots: The Rosids Lecture 2 “Basal” Rosids: Order Vitales Eurosids I (Fabids): Order Malpighiales Order Cucurbitales Order Fabales Order Rosales Rosaceae – Roses Ulmaceae – Elms Moraceae – Figs Order Fagales Fagaceae – Beeches, oaks Betulaceae – Birches Juglandaceae – Walnuts Order Myrtales Onagraceae – Evening primroses Myrtaceae – Eucalypts, myrtles Eurosids II (Malvids)

Eurosids I: Rosales: Rosaceae (The Rose Family) Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants) Diversity: 3,000 species in 90 genera Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many; ovary can be superior, inferior, or half- superior (perigynous); fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery Required taxa: Rosa, Rubus, Prunus, Malus

Rosaceae: Rosa -shrubs, often prickly -leaves pinnately compound -ovary superior -hypanthium + globose and fleshy, contracted at the mouth -carpels numerous -fruit an achene

Rosaceae: Rubus -herbaceous to shrubby, usually with prickles -leaves often compound with 3 to 7 leaflets -carpels usually numerous, borne on an elongate receptacle -fruit a drupelet, forming an aggregate fruit (blackberries and raspberries)

Rosaceae: Prunus -trees or shrubs -bark with prominent horizontal lenticels -ovary superior -carpel solitary -fruit a drupe, endocarp stony

Rosaceae: Malus -trees with simple leaves -ovary inferior, with 5 carpels -mature carpels papery or softly leathery -fruit a pome, lacks stone cells

Eurosids I: Rosales: Ulmaceae (The Elm Family) Widely distributed; maximal diversity in temperate regions of N. Hemisphere Trees with alternate, 2-ranked leaves Diversity: 40 species in 6 genera Flowers: Small, inconspicuous; tepals 4-9; stamens 4-9; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a samara or nutlet, seeds flat Significant features: Leaves simple with pinnate venation, margins simply or doubly serrate, blade base asymmetrical; endosperm of a single layer Special uses: Elms provide lumber; some trees used as ornamentals Required taxa: Ulmus

Eurosids I: Rosales: Moraceae (The Fig Family) Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs) Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5 (-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium). Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura) Required taxa: Ficus

Moraceae Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig Morus rubra - Mulberry Maclura pomifera Osage orange Artocarpus Dorstenia

Moraceae: Ficus -shrubs or trees -connate stipules enclosing the terminal buds -leaves with entire margins -flowers minute, borne inside the syconium -wasp-pollinated

Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp

Cannabaceae: The Hemp/Hop Family Related to the Elm (Ulmaceae), Mulberry (Moraceae) and Stinging Nettle (Urticaceae) families. Wind-pollinated. Family with 2 genera: Cannabis – 1 (2) species. C. sativa [hemp; marijuana] Humulus – 2 (3) species H. japonicus – Japanese hop H. lupulus – brewing hop

Cannabaceae – Cannabis – Hemp & Marijuana Marijuana Leaves and female inflorescences used for tetrahydocannabinol – marijuana and hashish (resins). Hemp Long, strong fibers of the stems are used for textiles and cordage. SAME SPECIES – DIFFERENT CULTIVARS

Humulus lupulus Brewing hop – (female) Cannabaceae – Humulus - Hops Male inflorescences

Mature Female Hop inflorescence Composed of bracts and bracteoles that completely cover the minute pistillate flowers. Compound inflorescences (groups of individual cones) arise from axillary branches. Hops are ready to harvest when the bracts and bracteoles become papery and somewhat dry. Lupulin production will have achieved its maximum at this stage.

Eurosids I: Fagales: Fagaceae (The Oak and Beech Family) Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere Trees and shrubs Diversity: 700 species in 8 genera Flowers: Unisexual; Tepals usually 6 and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly cupule Significant features: Male inflorescences in dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile clusters Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees Required taxa: Quercus, Fagus

Fagaceae: Quercus Bark pale to dark but scaly or furrowed Buds clustered at twig tips, ovate Leaves lobed or unlobed Male flowers in drooping catkins Cupule saucer-like or cup-shaped Nut circular in cross-section

Fagaceae: Fagus Bark light gray, smooth Buds solitary at twig tips, slender and acute Leaves unlobed, strongly straight-veined Male flowers in a rounded head Cupule with 4 valves Nut compressed or triangular

Eurosids I: Fagales: Betulaceae (The Birch Family) Widespread, in temperate to boreal regions, primarily of the northern hemisphere Trees or shrubs; leaves doubly serrate Diversity: 110 species in 6 genera Flowers: Unisexual; tepals (0-) 1-4 (-6), highly reduced; stamens 1-4; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene, nut or 2-winged samara Significant features: Flowers in erect (female) or pendant (male) catkins (aments); staminate and carpellate flowers in separate inflorescences Special uses: hazel nuts edible; lumber, shade trees, ornamentals Required taxa: Betula

Betulaceae: Betula Outer bark often separating in thin sheets Carpellate and staminate flowers both in bracteate catkins Carpellate catkins ovoid to cylindrical, with 2-3 flowers per bract and the bracts papery Staminate flowers 3 per bract; stamens 2, bifid

Eurosids I: Fagales: Juglandaceae (The Walnut and Hickory Family) Widespread from tropical to temperate regions Aromatic trees; leaves pinnately compound, usually alternate and spiral Diversity: 59 species in 8 genera Flowers: Unisexual, associated with bracts; tepals 0-4, inconspicuous; stamens 3-many; carpels usually 2, connate, ovary inferior; fruit a nut or nutlet Significant features: Fruit often associated with bracts or bracteoles that form an outer “husk” Special uses: fruits of hickories (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) are eaten; walnut and hickory are valued for their lumber; some ornamentals Required taxa: Juglans, Carya

Juglandaceae: Juglans Twigs with chambered pith Leaflets all about the same or the median ones largest Staminate catkins sessile, solitary Nut with an indehiscent, usually rough or furrowed husk

Juglandaceae: Carya Twigs with solid pith Apical leaflets largest Staminate catkins sessile or pedunculate, in clusters Nut with a dehiscent or partially dehiscent, often smooth husk

Eurosids I: Myrtales: Onagraceae (The Evening Primrose Family) Widely distributed, primarily in western North America and South America Mostly herbs, some shrubs, trees Diversity: 655 species in 18 genera Flowers: Showy; sepals & petals (2-) 4 (-7); stamens (4) 8, not incurved in bud, pollen with viscin threads; carpels usually 4; ovary inferior; long hypanthium; cruciform stigmas; fruit is a loculicidal capsule or berry Significant features: Tetramerous flowers!! Special uses: Several ornamental herbs Required taxa: Oenothera

Onagraceae: Oenothera Herbaceous Leaves usually alternate Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary Corolla usually yellow (can be white or pink) Fruit a loculicidal capsule with many seeds or nut-like, indehiscent and few- seeded Seeds naked

Eurosids I: Myrtales: Myrtaceae (The Eucalyptus or Myrtle Family) Pantropical; highly diverse in warm temperate Australia Trees or shrubs often with flaky bark Diversity: 4,630 species in 144 genera Flowers: Hypanthium well developed; sepals and petals 4-5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 2-5, connate; ovary inferior to half-inferior; fruit usually a 1-many seeded berry or loculicidal capsule Significant features: Highly aromatic leaves & stems due to many terpenoid and resinous compounds; leaves entire with scattered pellucid dots containing these compounds Special uses: Eucalyptus important source of timber; many used as ornamentals; cloves (Syzygium aromaticum); guava (Psidium guajava) Required taxa: Eucalyptus

Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus Foliage dimorphic (juvenile leaves are rounded & stem-clasping; adult leaves are longer, willowy, and petioled) Flower buds covered by an operculum (fused sepals or petals or both) that falls off at anthesis Fruit a conical capsule (gumnut) Primarily Australian; ca. 800 species, some cultivated in the U.S.