21 CHAPTER Education PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-2 Education Largest area of expenditure for state and local governments One-third of all outlays Public provision not necessary Many private schools Government financing does not imply public production
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-3 The Growth in Education: Students and Expenditures
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-4 The Growth in Education: Students and Expenditures
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-5 Rationales for Government Involvement Education produces a positive externality Everyone better off living in a more educated society May be inframarginal
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-6 Rationales for Government Involvement Socialization Public education makes students into better citizens Instill common values Private schools homogenous Although public schools can often homogenous due to residential sorting
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-7 Rationales for Government Involvement Fairness Most students go to public schools regardless of economic status, thus equalizing position of students at the bottom of the economic ladder. Even under public production wealthy receive better education Government financing does not mean government production Even with government financing, education can still be produced in private sector
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-8 The Level of Government Financing Traditionally, education was the domain of local governments Education becoming more centralized School districts becoming larger School finance becoming centralized Equalizing opportunity
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 21-9 The Level of Government Financing
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Competition, Vouchers, and School Choice Alternative methods of providing education becoming more common Rely on public funding because of fairness argument Create more competition for public schools Incentive for improvement
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Vouchers Financing placed in parent’s hands Parents choose the school Advantages Choice Competition Disadvantages Admission standards Quality Control Potential increase in costs
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Public School Choice Parents have the option of sending their child to a public school other than the one for which they are zoned Advantages Choice competition Disadvantages Avoids voucher disadvantages
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Public School Choice
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Charter Schools Schools that receive public funding Are exempted from some regulations Public but operates like a private school Relatively new Small numbers of students and schools
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Homeschooling % of school-age children were home-schooled Reasons: Dissatisfaction with other options Religious reasons Homeschooling varies by state
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe School Choice at the College Level U.S. higher education system typically acknowledged as world’s best What makes U.S. higher education relatively better? Complete school choice State subsidies work like a voucher system Market factors more strongly influence instructor pay
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Income Advantages to Education
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Signaling Versus Human Capital Higher incomes may be a result of: Increased human capital Job market signaling Both increased human capital AND job market signaling
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Education and Productivity Relationship not easily quantified Strong correlation across countries Could be higher income leads more education Education has an impact on productivity, but higher incomes cause people to demand more education Value of education as a consumption good