1 Chapter 3 A.P. World History Ways of the World First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies

2 Today’s Objective... Today we will analyze transformation of expanding agricultural based societies using this lecture. 2

3 The Overarching Theme of This Chapter: The Agriculture Revolution created larger populations that settled in growing cities which now required organization. Wealth and status divide these civilizations into hierarchies.  Your “economic function” was a determining factor on your wealth and status.  The wealthy tended to take control of the governing.  New societal norms emerge…  Temples and elaborate architecture is born.  Written languages and “book keeping”  Classes, Patriarchal societies, and slavery  Large-scale warfare. The Agriculture Revolution created larger populations that settled in growing cities which now required organization. Wealth and status divide these civilizations into hierarchies.  Your “economic function” was a determining factor on your wealth and status.  The wealthy tended to take control of the governing.  New societal norms emerge…  Temples and elaborate architecture is born.  Written languages and “book keeping”  Classes, Patriarchal societies, and slavery  Large-scale warfare.

Population Growth More people to manage, feed, and house Population Growth More people to manage, feed, and house Settling Villages Seeds of governing emerge Settling Villages Seeds of governing emerge Spread of Disease Spread by animals and later close dwelling people Spread of Disease Spread by animals and later close dwelling people Improved Technology For agriculture and later protection Improved Technology For agriculture and later protection Development of States Empires will develop over time Development of States Empires will develop over time Culture Evolves Birth of written language and later literature Culture Evolves Birth of written language and later literature

5 Civilization: a Global Phenomenon

6 “How Did Civilizations Begin? They all had their roots in the Agricultural Revolution and they all had to compete for resources. The Irrigation projects argument: the tools that had been created only could produce so much food.  Eventually it would plateau…causing a need for higher crop yields to that growing populations could continue feed their people.  This need for fertile land and constant water supply, gave began the development of irrigations systems. Expanding their territory: Another way to continue to support the population is by conquering neighbors and taking war prisoners as slaves.  This caused a lot of syncretism and diffusion  “The winner absorbs the loser” into their civilization They all had their roots in the Agricultural Revolution and they all had to compete for resources. The Irrigation projects argument: the tools that had been created only could produce so much food.  Eventually it would plateau…causing a need for higher crop yields to that growing populations could continue feed their people.  This need for fertile land and constant water supply, gave began the development of irrigations systems. Expanding their territory: Another way to continue to support the population is by conquering neighbors and taking war prisoners as slaves.  This caused a lot of syncretism and diffusion  “The winner absorbs the loser” into their civilization

7 The Urban Revolution Cities were the heart of all the First Civilizations.  Political and administrative capitals.  The center of artistic movements: architecture, literature, etc.  Religious centers: rituals and ceremonies  Mass Marketplace Urban society vs.. Rural society  Impersonal  Lack of relationships with community  Village loyalty disappears VS.

8 Specialized Occupations Not everyone needed to be a farmer anymore…  Look at the Egyptians for example… Ancient Egyptian Jobs:  Jobs relating to the Government of Egypt  Egyptian Scribes  Egyptian Priests / Priestesses and Astrologers  Egyptian Engineers and Architects  Egyptian Builders and Artists  Egyptian Soldiers  Egyptian Manual Laborers, Fishermen and Farmers

9 Specialized Occupations Create Inequitable Societies Upper Classes:  Land Owners  Avoided physical Labor  Lived lavishly  Usually held positions in government, military or religious life. Social Ranking Shaped the Law System: Hammurabi's Code  Different punishments for different social classes.  Who creates the law system???????? Upper Classes:  Land Owners  Avoided physical Labor  Lived lavishly  Usually held positions in government, military or religious life. Social Ranking Shaped the Law System: Hammurabi's Code  Different punishments for different social classes.  Who creates the law system????????

10 Slavery Common throughout human history Not the same type of slavery Americans think of…  Not based on race  Usually prisoners of war, people in debt  Not just agricultural work  Mines, home, shop keepers, etc.  Used for human sacrifice

11 The Role of Women Changes A few factors change the role of women in society:  The more physical the agricultural labor became the more it became a male dominated role.  More food=more babies…women were pregnant more often, keep them out of the fields and more at home  Their priority was child rearing  In charge of the home and food preparation  The rise of militaries:  Men were gaining political strength and importance in society through the military.  Patriarchy was dominate  A male dominated society  Some civilizations started to control women, especially sexually. A few factors change the role of women in society:  The more physical the agricultural labor became the more it became a male dominated role.  More food=more babies…women were pregnant more often, keep them out of the fields and more at home  Their priority was child rearing  In charge of the home and food preparation  The rise of militaries:  Men were gaining political strength and importance in society through the military.  Patriarchy was dominate  A male dominated society  Some civilizations started to control women, especially sexually.

12 The Rise of Government=Rise of Corruption Some states force their subjects to abide by the rule of the authority, while others have laws in place to prevent the oppression of the people. Money can corrupt almost ANY government.  This hold true to early civilizations as well.