 In the 1960s, ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the internet’s predecessor, was invented  ARPANET used two technologies that are still used today: › Packet switching, where information is divided into “packets” and transmitted › TCP/IP, which is basically a set of rules on how packets should be transmitted

 After the creation of ARPANET, several other computer networks, such as CSNET (Computer Science Network), were created for institutions that could not connect to ARPANET for whatever reason  Initially, these networks were only for the use of certain organizations and institutions  However, by late 1980s, commercial ISPs (internet service providers) began offering services to the public

 In the 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web  This was very, very important because it allowed people to do more than just looking things up in databases  There will be more information about this in a few slides

 The infrastructure for the internet falls into two major categories: hardware and software  The hardware relates to anything physical  Includes wires and cables for transmission, such as fiber optics  The speed of transmission is measured in megabits per second (Mbps)  Also includes equipment such as routers, modems, and physical storage drives

 Software is also used in the Internet’s infrastructure, and is anything on a computer that doesn’t exist physically  Databases, systems, servers, and almost anything else on a computer that connects to the internet can fall under this category  Computers are identified by its unique IP address  The DNS (Domain Name System)  is the human-friendly version of the IP address. › For example, “google.com” is the DNS version of “ ”.  The URL locates a specific page within the domain › For example, “ is a URL of a page under the “google.com” domain

 Ports are where computers send and receive information to servers and each other.  Both the hardware and software are critical to the internet’s existence, and a major failure in either one could cut off millions of people from accessing it

 The world wide web (www) is a collection of resources that is stored on and accessed through the Internet  The most common use of the www is displaying text formatted using hypertext markup language (html)  These pages can additionally contain images, video, and other media  Web servers are where websites are hosted.  HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) lets you exchange webpages. Hypertext are basically links.

 Scripts are small programs that usually only have a few functions  Some example are JavaScript, PHP, jQuery, HTML, and ActionScript › jQuery is based on JavaScript  The first four are for web development, while the last is for writing Flash-based programs  Scripts are good for applications that should not have very long loading times, like websites

 Much like JavaScript, ActionScript is an objected-oriented programming (OOP) language.  Since Flash can be used for many purposes, AS can similarly be used for many purposes.  For example, AS can be used in Flash Professional to animate shapes dynamically.

 The internet started out as various networks like ARPANET, which were usable only by select organizations  Eventually, the internet was commercialized and the world wide web was created to expand the functions of the internet  The internet is made up of two different types of infrastructures: hardware and software › Hardware is anything physical (e.g. routers) › Software is anything digital (e.g. an internet browser)  Scripting languages are used to write scripts, which generally refer to small programs that only have a few functions › Examples are JavaScript, PHP, ActionScript

 internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet  ernet ernet  nfrastructure nfrastructure  g) g)   difference-between-URL-and-DNS difference-between-URL-and-DNS