© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Chapter 6: Agriculture and Food Production Food Production Resources Natural Resources for Agricultural Production Environmental Impacts of Food Production

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Food Production Resources Crops Livestock The U.S. Agricultural Resource Land Base Modern American Agricultural Production U.S. Rangeland Resources

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Available Food Supply Figure 6.1: Average available food supply by region and nutrient type.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Agricultural Land Arable land by country, 1999.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Cereal Production Figure 6.3: Trends in world cereal production, 1961 to Increases have come primarily from higher yields.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Agricultural Inputs Figure 6.4: World cropland, irrigation and fertilizer use, 1964 to 1999, indicating that increased food production is driven primarily by artificial fertilizer.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Livestock Populations Figure 6.6: Global populations of chicken and pigs grew from 1965 to 2000, while sheep and cattle populations grew little.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Production and Use of Cereals Figure 6.7: Production and trade in grains by region; the proportion of grain used to support livestock varies considerably.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 U.S. Corn Production Figure 6.8: U.S. corn production, 1965 to Variations result primarily from annual differences in yield, but also because of government policies.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Meat Production Figure 6.5: Per capita meat production has remained steady for most types, except for chicken.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Natural Resources for Agricultural Production Soil Water Fertilizers and Pesticides Seed Labor and Machines Animals in the Food Production System

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Irrigated Land in the U.S. Figure 6.9: Distribution of irrigated land, 1997.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Irrigation Methods Figure 6.10: Furrow (flood) irrigation and center-pivot sprinkler.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Livestock Use Figure 6.13: Cattle sometimes create food value from land that would otherwise be unproductive. Figure 6.14: Overgrazing, however, can reduce the future productivity of rangeland.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Environmental Impacts of Food Production Soil Erosion Rangeland Degradation

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Soil Erosion in the U.S. Figure 6.16a: Sheet and rill erosion on U.S. cropland.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Soil Erosion in the U.S. Figure 6.16b: Wind erosion on U.S. cropland.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Soil Erosion in the U.S. Figure 6.16c: Total erosion on U.S. cropland.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Soil Conservation Figure 6.18: Reduction in soil erosion rates on U.S. cropland from 1982 to 1997 was achieved by removing highly erodible lands from production and by conservation tillage methods.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Agricultural Policy and Management Subsidies Sustainable Agriculture Rangeland Management

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Conclusions

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 ISSUES 6.1: Agricultural CO 2 and Climate: The Only Certainty is Change 6.2: The Digital Farmer 6.3: Deregulating Agriculture in the United States