EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL CHANGES Ch 24

I. INTRODUCTION  Population Changes  Populations continued to grow but at a more stable rate  Economic difficulties caused numerous Europeans to immigrate to the United States  Predominantly those from rural regions  Usually from Ireland or Southern Europe (mostly Mediterranean regions)  Second Industrial Revolution  Late 1800s  Belgium, France and especially Germany caught up to Great Britain  Germany eventually doubled steel production compared to Great Britain  Major innovators  Bessemer- better and more profitable steel production  Daimler- first combustion engine on car  Henry Ford- assembly line vehicles

II. CHANGES TO THE MIDDLE CLASS  Age of the Middle-Class  Focus of consumer goods  Helped boost economy through increased spending  Price of food decreased  More money for non-essentials  Department stores, mail-order catalogs  Urbanization increased access  Increase of uniform sizes (off the rack) rather than tailored.  Middle Class vacations  Non-manual labor Professions  Teachers (increased primary education), shopkeepers and librarians  White-Collar Workers  Secretaries, retail clerks, and lower level government officials/ bureaucrats

III. URBAN REFORMS  Redevelopment of Paris  Napoleon III ordered Paris to be redesigned  Political mostly (Put down rebellions and prevent barricades)  George Haussmann in charge from  1889 Eiffel Tower  Temporary for international trade expo  Was to show how important iron and steel had become to the “modern France”  The Development of Suburbs  Result of railways/subways and improved roadways  Easier to travel  Removal of slums raised property values in cities  Suburbs were more like townhomes in American cities  Created separation from work and home

III. URBAN REFORMS  Sanitation  Cholera  One of the few diseases that struck individuals of most classes  Believed to be caused by miasmas (pollution)  Also originally blamed for chlamydia and the bubonic plague  Bad smells were major sign of miasmas  Caused by sewage running through cities and into drinking water  Major cause for sanitation reforms

III. URBAN REFORMS  Sewers and Sewage  Result of the Cholera outbreaks  People started to realize that the “filth” or sewage was the cause  Allowed sewage to be drained underground rather than through the streets  Usually ran out into the rivers  Included water pipelines that brought fresh water in  Used concrete and granite  Greatly improved sanitation  Reduced mortality rates of citizens that lived in these cities

III. URBAN REFORMS  Housing Reforms  Was a health and political effort  Political- boosted morale of individuals  Health- whole families shared single room apartments which shared a bathroom with a whole hall.  Private companies started to build low cost/ low profit housing  Or low interest loans on regular housing  Purpose was to make it easier for the poor to own a house  Government started to get involved through building of low cost housing and public housing projects

IV. LATE 1800S WOMEN Probl ems for women  Property  Could not own property in most cases  Great Britain- Married Women’s Property Act- allowed ownership of property  Family Law  Most cases, women were legal minors and subject to their husbands or fathers  In case of divorce, a man had an easier time obtaining a divorce  Man would usually gain custody of the children  Education  Women were predominantly limited to a basic education  Women were first admitted to major universities between  Could not receive a degree until after WWI

IV. LATE 1800S WOMEN  Work Force  Women were permitted to enter new careers such as secretarial and clerical  Women tended to educated mostly young children  Were expected to leave the workforce upon giving birth to her first child  Younger women (late teens to mid twenties) who were on their own, tended to lean towards prostitution  Mostly in port cities  Became legalized and heavily regulated (for protection of clients)  Domesticity  Married women became less involved in finances and business dealing  Chief goal was caring for house and children.

IV. LATE 1800S WOMEN  Feminism  Sought equality between men and women  Divided on desired levels of equality and extremism  Suffrage  Major goal of most feminist  British Suffragist leaders  Millicent Fawcett ( )- more political movement, utilized her husband’s political ties with Liberal Party  Emmeline Pankhurst ( ) – radical feminist, would march on parliament, get arrested and go on hunger strikes

V. COMMUNISM  Karl Marx  Declared Paris Commune a true proletariat uprising  Criticized labor unions for “selling out”  Short term benefit rather than long term  Did influence a number of socialist movements in Great Britain, France and Germany

V. COMMUNISM  Russia  Was behind in industry  Improvements pushed by Alexander III and Nicholas II  Movements led by finance minister Sergei Witte (1892-under Nicholas II)  Improve railways- Trans-Siberian Railroad  Protective tariffs  High taxes  Gold standard  Improve heavy industry  Industries built up by non-Russian investors  Caused strife due to loss of profits  Peasants started to become unhappy due to high prices and long hours  Problems from abolition of serfdom still existed

V. COMMUNISM  Vladimir Lenin  Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( )  Criticized unions and spontaneous revolutions  Favored professional revolutionaries  Caused a split in the Russian Socialist Democratic Party  Occurred at the 1903 London Congress of Russian Socialist Democratic Party  Called themselves Bolsheviks (after his party gained majority)  Political propaganda reasons  Sought to unite proletariat and peasants

V. COMMUNISM  Bloody Sunday  Workers marched on Winter Palace of Nicholas II  Panicked and order his troops to open fire killing 100  Sparked the 1905 Revolution  After defeat of the Russo-Japanese war  Massive revolts  Workers formed soviets (workers councils)  Resulted in a new constitution but brutal suppressed rebellions  Paved the way for the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 that created the Soviet Union  Lenin’s failed health allowed Stalin to take over.

VI. CONCLUSION  Improvement in industry allowed for massive buildup of arms that led to WWI  Revolutions in Russia paved the way for the Soviet Union and the later Cold War Brought about the involvement of the Space Marines in World Events