Chapter 3.1 Europeans Explore the East: Why did they go exploring? GOLD!!, GOD, and GLORY I. Europeans seek new trade routes: For spices and other luxury goods in Asia. Because Italians controlled trade from the East to the West and were becoming a wealthy empire. Christianity – duty of Christians to fight Muslims and convert non-Christians

II. How did they go exploring II. How did they go exploring? Caravel- new boats that could sail against the wind. (triangular sails) Astrolabe- a brass circle with rings to mark degrees by sight and latitude of stars. Compass- invented by the Chinese used a magnet to tell directions

III. Why was Portugal first? 1st to establish trading out posts along the west coast of Africa (pushing further East into the Indian Ocean.) Prince Henry–(of Portugal) founded a navigation school- to teach trades in mapmaking, shipbuilders, and sea captains Strong government support!! .

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portugal Reaches Asia Bartolomeu Dias was successful in reaching the tip of Africa, but ran out of supplies and returned home. Vasco da Gama was successful in finding a sea route to India. The spices, silks, and gems in India amazed the Portuguese.

IV. Spain also makes claims in Explorations: Christopher Columbus – an Italian sea captain from Portugal convinced the Spanish King(Ferdinand) and Queen (Isabella) to finance a voyage, to find a trade route to Asia, by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. By October 1492, he found an island in the Caribbean and mistook it for the East Indies (Asia).

Tensions between Spain and Portugal increase because they are arguing over who had the right to claim the land Columbus found in the Americas. Pope Alexander VI- attempted to keep peace by establishing the Line of Demarcation -Treaty of Tordesillas – an agreement to honor the line of demarcation.

V. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean A. Portugal Controlled the Spice Islands first B. Spain Ferdinand Magellan- led a Spanish expedition to the Philippine Islands. C. English Controlled South Africa, which means they controlled sea trade to Europe D. Netherlands Pushed Portugal out of the Spice Islands. They controlled trade with China and Japan.

Chapter 3.2 – China Limits European Contacts China was self-contained (subsistent) and was not at all interested in direct trade with Europeans. They thought Europeans were barbarians. Europeans were rude, and did not understand Chinese culture. Europeans kept sending missionaries and trying to convert people to Christianity.

Ming Dynasty Came to power in 1368 when the Chinese drove out the Mongols. First emperor: Hongwu He made agricultural reforms He promoted Confucianism He went crazy and killed a bunch of government officials.

Ming Dynasty Second emperor: Yonglo Hongwu’s son Continued Dad’s policies on agriculture and Confucianism Sent Zheng He out on voyages of exploration.

Ming Dynasty

Qing Dynasty Came to power in 1644 when the Manchus (who are not Chinese!) drove the Ming Dynasty out. First emperor: Kangxi Lowered taxes Tolerant of different religions Forced Chinese men to wear their hair in a topknot.

Qing Dynasty Second Emperor: Qian-long Kangxi’s grandson Continued policies of isolation Trade restrictions – kowtow and trading ports Indian Ocean trade controlled by the Dutch China was self-sufficient and did not need anything from Europe – they only thing Europeans had to trade for tea, silks, and spices was gold and silver.

Wrap-up Chinese Confucian and economic policies favored the growth of agriculture over industry. Corn is NOT a crop native to China. Corn came from the Americas. The Chinese did NOT trade sugar with the Dutch. By then, sugar came from colonies in the Americas.

Chapter 3.3 – Japan Returns to Isolation First encounter in 1543(Portugal). Europeans introduced muskets/cannon. In 1549, missionaries arrived, and were very successful. By 1612, Christianity was banned – fear of religious uprising. By 1639, country was closed; only trade was with Dutch and Chinese.

Japanese Society Emperor – Figurehead Only Daimyo – Landowning Nobles Samurai – Warriors (Loyal to Daimyo) Commoners – Farmers, artisans, merchants

Samurai Warrior

Uniting Japan Warring States Period Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi A civil war among the daimyo. Oda Nobunaga Attempted to unite Japan, first used guns (muskets) in battle. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Nobunaga’s general, continued uniting Japan, disarmed commoners

Uniting Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu Finished the job of uniting Japan First shogun – faked his family tree He began 200 years of peace – no more civil war in Japan

Tokugawa Shogunate Alternative Attendance Policy Required daimyo to live part time in Edo If daimyo had to leave, families stayed behind If daimyo rebelled, families would be killed It was a VERY successful policy.

Closing the Country Portugal Traded clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, and firearms Also sent missionaries, even when Japan told them not to and started executing missionaries & Christians Eventually, Japan closed the country and only traded with the Chinese and Dutch (who didn’t send missionaries)

Sequencing Events Why did Japan close the country? On page 112, beginning with “Christian Missionaries in Japan,” read to determine the order of events that led to the closing of the country. Use the chart on the back page of your Chapter 3 notes.