Class Business Homework – Liability Liability – Bonds Bonds
Derivatives A derivative is a financial instrument whose price depends on the price of another underlying asset. Major derivative contracts are: – Futures and forward contracts, – Call and put options, – Swaps.
Historical Background Before 1973 – Could not trade derivatives on any exchange Today – Billions of dollars in contracts are traded Why? – Fisher Black, arbitrage pricing – 1973 Black and Scholes published their model
Review A call option is a contract with two sides: – Long Side: pays for the right to buy an asset for a certain price at a certain time in the future. – Short Side: receives premium for agreeing to submit to demands of Long Side. A put option is a contract with two sides: – Long Side: pays for the right to sell an asset for a certain price at a certain time in the future. – Short Side: receives premium for agreeing to submit to demands of Long Side
Call – option with the ‘right’ to buy Put – option with the ‘right’ to sell Buy the option – Long, buy Sell the option – Short, sell, write Key Elements – Exercise or Strike Price (X) – price of future trade – Premium or Price (C, P) – what long position pays – Maturity or Expiration (T) Option Terminology
Option Contracts European option: can only be exercised on the expiration date. American option: can be exercised on any day prior to and including the expiration date. Options Clearing Corporation: – Guarantees contract performance – Members (brokers) post margins with the OCC – Brokers require investor clients to post margins – OCC is “middle man” for exercising options
Option Quotes on IBM CallsLast SellNetBidAskVolOIPutsLast SellNetBidAskVolOI Mar (IBM CR-E) Mar (IBM OR-E) Mar (IBM CS-E) Mar (IBM OS-E) Mar (IBM CT-E) Mar (IBM OT-E) Mar (IBM CA-E) Mar (IBM OA-E) Apr (IBM DS-E) Apr (IBM PS-E) Apr (IBM DS-E) Apr (IBM PS-E) Apr (IBM DT-E) Apr (IBM PT-E) Apr (IBM DA-E) Apr (IBM PA-E) 8.80pc Note: Each contract is for 100 shares 95.72
Open Interest Clearing House A: Long B: ShortC: Long D: Short E: LongF: Short G: Short
Different Types of Options Stock Options Index Options Futures Options Foreign Currency Options Interest Rate Options
Profit Profiles for Long Calls Payoff Spot Price (S T ) 0 Long Call X S T – X – C C
Profit Profiles for Short Calls Payoff Spot Price (S T ) 0 Short Call X S T – X – C C
Call Options - Zero Sum Game Payoff Spot Price (S T ) 0 Short Call Long Call X
Profit Profiles for Long Puts 0 Payoffs Spot Price (S T ) Long Put X P X – S T – P
Profit Profiles for Short Puts 0 Payoffs Spot Price (S T ) Short Put X P – (X – S T ) P
Put Options - Zero Sum Game 0 Payoffs Spot Price (S T ) Short Put Long Put X
In the Money - exercise of the option would be profitable Call: market price>exercise price (S t > X) Put: exercise price>market price (S t < X) Out of the Money - exercise of the option would not be profitable Call: market price<exercise price (S t < X) Put: exercise price X) At the Money - exercise price and asset price are equal (S t = X) Market and Exercise Price Relationships
Bull Spread Using Calls X1X1 X2X2 Profit STST Positon: Long 1 call at X 1 Short 1 call at X 2
Straddle Combination Position: Long 1 call at X Long 1 put at X Profit STST X
Option Strategies involving stock Protective Put Long Stock Long Put Profit STST X ) All you are doing is buying calls
Option Strategies involving stock Covered Call Long Stock Short Call Profit STST X ) All you are doing is writing puts