1. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 1 Chapter 16 Options Markets

2. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 2 Option Terminology Buy - Long Sell - Short Call Put Key Elements –Exercise or Strike Price –Premium or Price –Maturity or Expiration

3. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 3 Market and Exercise Price Relationships In the Money - exercise of the option would be profitable Call: market price>exercise price Put: exercise price>market price Out of the Money - exercise of the option would not be profitable Call: market price>exercise price Put: exercise price>market price At the Money - exercise price and asset price are equal

4. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 4 American vs European Options American - the option can be exercised at any time before expiration or maturity European - the option can only be exercised on the expiration or maturity date

5. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 5 Different Types of Options Stock Options Index Options Futures Options Foreign Currency Options Interest Rate Options

6. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 6 Payoffs and Profits on Options at Expiration - Calls Notation Stock Price = S T Exercise Price = X Payoff to Call Holder ( S T - X) if S T >X 0if S T < X Profit to Call Holder Payoff - Purchase Price

7. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 7 Payoffs and Profits on Options at Expiration - Calls Payoff to Call Writer - ( S T - X) if S T >X 0if S T < X Profit to Call Writer Payoff + Premium

8. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 8 Profit Stock Price 0 Call Writer Call Holder Profit Profiles for Calls

9. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 9 Payoffs and Profits at Expiration - Puts Payoffs to Put Holder 0if S T > X (X - S T ) if S T < X Profit to Put Holder Payoff - Premium

10. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 10 Payoffs and Profits at Expiration - Puts Payoffs to Put Writer 0if S T > X -(X - S T )if S T < X Profits to Put Writer Payoff + Premium

11. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 11 Profit Profiles for Puts 0 Profits Stock Price Put Writer Put Holder

12. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 12 Equity, Options & Leveraged Equity - Text Example InvestmentStrategyInvestment Equity onlyBuy stock @ 80100 shares$8,000 Options onlyBuy calls @ 10800 options$8,000 LeveragedBuy calls @ 10100 options $1,000 equityBuy T-bills @ 2% $7,000 Yield

13. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 13 Equity, Options & Leveraged Equity - Payoffs Microsoft Stock Price $75$80$100 All Stock$7,500$8,000$10,000 All Options$0$0$16,000 Lev Equity $7,140$7,140 $9,140

14. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 14 Equity, Options & Leveraged Equity - Rates of Return Microsoft Stock Price $75 $80$100 $75 $80$100 All Stock-6.25% 0% 25% All Options-100% -100%100% Lev Equity -10.75% -10.75%14.25%

15. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 15 Put-Call Parity Relationship S T X Payoff for Call Owned 0S T - X Payoff for Put Written-( X -S T ) 0 Total Payoff S T - X S T - X

16. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 16 Payoff of Long Call & Short Put Long Call Short Put Payoff Stock Price Combined = Leveraged Equity

17. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 17 Arbitrage & Put Call Parity Since the payoff on a combination of a long call and a short put are equivalent to leveraged equity, the prices must be equal. C - P = S 0 - X / (1 + r f ) T If the prices are not equal arbitrage will be possible

18. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 18 Put Call Parity - Disequilibrium Example Stock Price = 110 Call Price = 17 Put Price = 5 Risk Free = 10.25% Maturity =.5 yr X = 105 C - P > S 0 - X / (1 + r f ) T 17- 5 > 110 - (105/1.05) 12 > 10 Since the leveraged equity is less expensive, acquire the low cost alternative and sell the high cost alternative

19. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 19 Put-Call Parity Arbitrage ImmediateCashflow in Six Months PositionCashflowS T 105 Buy Stock-110 S T S T Borrow X/(1+r) T = 100+100-105-105 Sell Call+17 0-(S T -105) Buy Put -5105-S T 0 Total 2 0 0

20. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 20 Option Strategies Protective Put Long Stock Long Put Covered Call Long Stock Short Call Straddle (Same Exercise Price) Long Call Long Put

21. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 21 Option Strategies Spreads - A combination of two or more call options or put options on the same asset with differing exercise prices or times to expiration Vertical or money spread Same maturity Different exercise price Horizontal or time spread Different maturity dates

22. Essentials of Investments © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Irwin / McGraw-Hill Bodie Kane Marcus 22 Exotic Options Asian Options Barrier Options Lookback Options Currency-Translated Options Binary Options