Turtle Dissection

TURTLE ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” LATIN meaning KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ CLASS _______________________________ ORDER _____________________________ ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” REPTILIA “to creep or crawl” CHELONIA “tortoise”

INTEGUMENT THICK, DRY, SCALY SKIN Contains KERATIN (protein) LIPIDS & PROTEINS make it water tight

ADVANTAGES over thin, moist Amphibian skin WATER TIGHT - Keeps them from drying out on land TOUGH PROTECTION – - prevents injury, keeps out germs, - prevents wear & tear on skin when crawling around on land

Image from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/creatures-animaux/reptiles/index_e.asp

SHELL IS LIVING PART OF BODY Expanded ribs form shell Can regenerate damaged scutes Growth rings tell age

Nictitating membrane Tympanic membrane External nares Only reptiles with NO TEETH

Claws on feet

WHAT SEX IS IT? FEMALES: MALES: Short tail Longer tail Vent closer Vent farther from body

CURVE OF PLASTRON MALE PLASTRON slightly CONCAVE to fit on top of female FEMALE PLASTRON slightly CONVEX to make more room for eggs

VENT

CLOACA

CLOACA Cloaca is the collecting chamber Liquid Excretory (urine) Digestive Waste (feces) Reproductive Vent is the exit hole

ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES: Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm DISADVANTAGES: Can’t live in extremely cold places (NO reptiles in Arctic) Can’t keep up max activity level for long

Ectothermic Body heat comes from surrounding environment Slow metabolism/low activity in cold places “cold-blooded” EX: All invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

Endothermic “warm-blooded” Create own body heat FAST metabolism allows for: high activity for extended time ability to live in variety of environments EX: Birds, Mammals

TURTLE HEART 3 CHAMBERS 2 atria; 1 ventricle Sinus Venosus & Conus Arteriosus are smaller Image from: BIODIDAC PARTIAL SEPTUM: begins to divide ventricle into two sides

FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION Sinus venosus    Body organs   RIGHTAtrium LEFT Atrium  Lungs       Conus arteriosus  Ventricle  FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION

REPRODUCTIVE MALE FEMALE Vent Vent Images modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html REPRODUCTIVE Vent Vent MALE FEMALE

OVARY- make eggs OVIDUCT- add shells transport to cloaca

EPIDIDYMIS –sperm mature here; add tails TESTES – make sperm Image from: BIODIDAC

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Penis deposits sperm inside female’s body Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg

DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Image from: http://www.neuroscientist.com/animimag/turtles.htm

SEX is determined by TEMPERATURE of NEST Image from: http://www.parcplace.org/documents/GeneralHerpInfo/learnabout2.htm

GLOTTIS – respiratory opening

TRACHEA & ESOPHAGUS

BRONCHI

LUNGS HAVE ALVEOLI FROG LUNG TURTLE LUNG Increase surface area for more gas exchange Images modified from: http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif

EXCRETORY URINARY BLADDER Secretes uric acid as nitrogen waste.

PHARYNX GULLET GLOTTIS INTERNAL NARES

Vent Image from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html

LIVER Makes BILE Stores GLYCOGEN Stores VITAMINS Processes TOXINS including nitrogen waste for kidneys

Image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/turtle/turtledissectlist.html

GALL BLADDER Stores BILE

STOMACH Add ACID; Start DIGESTION; Grind & mash food

MESENTERY

PANCREAS In mesentery near first loop of small intestine Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON

SMALL INTESTINE Duodenum Ileum LARGE INTESTINE (Also called COLON)

CLOACA

SPLEEN Make, store, recycle RBC’s

ENDOCRINE Glands that make hormones that control other body organs PANCREAS controls blood sugar levels THYROID: located above heart Makes hormones that control heart rate, blood pressure; cell development and growth

Types of Reproduction

Ways offspring enter world OVIPARITY- Reproductive tract encloses egg in a protective shell Eggs deposited outside body to hatch Nourishment comes from egg EX: Most reptiles,birds & a few mammals (monotremes)

Ways offspring enter world VIVIPARITY- No shell around egg Eggs retained in body Nourished by mother through placenta Offspring are born alive Ex: Mammals & some reptiles

Ways offspring enter world OVOVIVIPARITY- Egg surrounded by protective shell but kept in body until just before hatching or can hatch inside female Nourishment comes from egg not mother Ex: Some reptiles (snakes)

SHELL NO SHELL SHELL OUTSIDE INSIDE INSIDE EGG EGG MOTHER Mammals, OVI PARITY OVOVIVI VIVI SHELL? NO SHELL? Embryo grows? Food comes From? Seen in? SHELL NO SHELL SHELL OUTSIDE INSIDE INSIDE SHELL EGG EGG MOTHER Birds, Reptiles, Few mammals Mammals, few reptiles Reptiles

AMNIOTIC EGG

NERVOUS COMPLEX BRAIN DORSAL SPINAL CORD (Spine is fused to shell)

TURTLE BRAIN BIGGER CEREBRUM than same sized amphibian Image modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/reprodexc.html

WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Internal fertilization- (Penis) increases chances of sperm finding egg allows addition of protective shell Amniotic eggs- can lay eggs on land now; better protection for embryos Partial septum- better separation on high/low oxygen blood

WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Other kinds of reproduction- (OVOVIVIPARITY; VIVIPARITY) increases chances for offspring survival Control over Pulmonary circulation can shift blood away from lungs to body when needed Dry, scaly skin better able to live on land

WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Nitrogen waste = uric acid AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID Least toxic form; Needs least water to dilute conserves water Bigger cerebrum- “smarter”; more complex behaviors

WHAT’S IN REPTILES? LUNGS have ALVEOLI increases surface area for more gas exchange Sex depends on temperature of eggs- can change sex based on population needs