Chapter 2: The Cognitive Science Approach Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2: The Cognitive Science Approach

Outline 4/27/2017 Chapter 2: The Cognitive Science Approach Ashcraft’s Seven Themes Measuring Information Processes Guiding Analogies The General Human Information Processor Process models The cognitive science approach Techniques Study Question. • Describe four methods for investigating brain structure and function. • Draw a flowchart representing the General Information Processor. Identify the components.

The Cognitive Science Approach Seven Themes Attention Automatic versus conscious processing Data driven versus conceptually driven processing Representation Implicit versus Explicit Memory Metacognition Brain

The Cognitive Science Approach Measuring Information Processes The Factory Example Time and Accuracy The sentence verification task, revisited Memory and accuracy 1500 1400 Reaction Time (ms) A canary can fly breath Serial Position Accuracy 100 1 20 40 60 80 5 15 10 Immediate recall Final recall

The Cognitive Science Approach Measuring Information Processes Trade-offs between accuracy and time. Fast Slow Response time Accuracy Max Chance Extreme accuracy emphasis Theoretical Definition Normal Instructions Moderate speed Emphasis Extreme Speed emphasis Guiding Analogies Channel capacity The computer analogy

The Cognitive Science Approach Information Processing Approach The General Human Information Processor R Sensory Memory Long- term F I L T E Pattern Recognition S C O N Short-

The Cognitive Science Approach Information Processing Approach Process Models - Hypotheses about the specific mental processes that take place when a particular task is performed. E.g., The curve tracing task Encode Trace Decision Response Distance RT

The Cognitive Science Approach Information Processing Approach Assumptions underlying process models Sequential stages of processing that occur on every trial Serial processing Independent and nonoverlapping Any stage is assumed to be completed before the next stage begins Difficulties Parallel processing Some process may operate simultaneously Context effects Other problems Dependence on RT data Do not work as well for higher level processes

The Cognitive Science Approach Updating the standard theory Parallel Processing Limits on strict sequential processing Context Bidirectional arrows Long Term Memory Short Term Sensory Attention S R

The Cognitive Science Approach Neurocognition Neuropsychological Approach Broca and Wernicke

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Neurons

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Reflexes

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Synapses Massive interconnectivity Excitatory and inhibitory connections Neurotransmitters

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Lower brain structures

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology The cortex

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Principles of cortical organization Contralateral connections

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Principles of cortical organization Topographic organization

The Cognitive Science Approach Basic Neurology Principles of cortical organization Hemispheric specialization Split brain patients

The Cognitive Science Approach Lateralization demonstration Pick which face seems happier (Top or Bottom)

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The Cognitive Science Approach Methods of investigation Lesions Deliberate, surgical destruction of brain tissue E.g., Primate research on blindsight Incidental surgical destruction of brain tissue E.g., H.M. and the hippocampas Direct stimulation Penfield’s procedure Direct stimulation in animal models

The Cognitive Science Approach Methods of investigation Recording Single cell recording Hubel and Weisel Simple cells - edge detectors Complex cells - edges at particular angles Hypercomplex cells - angles and length Imaging MRI

The Cognitive Science Approach MRI

The Cognitive Science Approach fMRI

The Cognitive Science Approach PET The left column shows original PET images of the regional cerebral blood flow at rest (top) and during language activation (bottom) . The task was to silently generate verbs from auditorily presented nouns. The right column shows the corresponding cerebral anatomy for that particular slice (top) and the same image with the significantly activated areas superimposed.

The Cognitive Science Approach Methods of investigation Recording E.E.G

The Cognitive Science Approach PDP Models Connectionist/ neural net models The master spy analogy