HSCI-E175 Mind in Modernity: History of Psychology & Psychiatry Instructor: Susan Lanzoni, Ph.D.

Psychological Sciences as: “techniques for the disciplining of human difference: individualizing humans through classifying then calibrating their capacities and conducts, inscribing and recording their attributes and deficiencies, managing and utilizing their individuality and variability.” Nikolas Rose, Inventing Ourselves (1998) p. 105

Aristotelian Souls: nutritive soul (possessed by plants) sensitive soul (animals) rational soul (possessed exclusively by humans)

Hippocrates (c. 460 BC- 380 BC) “ON THE SACRED DISEASE”

LYMPHATIC (phlegm) SANGUINE (blood) BILIOUS (yellow bile) NERVOUS (black bile)

SANGUINE PHLEGMATIC CHOLERIC MELANCHOLIC

Albrecht Durer’s Melancholia (1514)

THEMES in the History of Psychology/Psychiatry 1) representations of mind 2) places where science is enacted or practiced 3) methods, tools and technologies 4) popular appeal 5) experiential aspects 6) practical and moral implications

Phrenological Heads Diagram from W. Mattieu Williams, A Vindication of Phrenology. London, 1894. Taken from http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology/images.html

Cortical thickness differences in autism So let’s go back to our autistic subjects: we showed that the face area was normal. But what about eh rest of the brain. Also, it is known that autistic people don’t have empathy, they have problems understanding other people’s emotions, and they have a lot of difficulty imitating. So it would make a lot of sense that the problem would reside in the mirror system. What I did here is that I measure the thickness of the cortex in a group of autistic subjects, and compared it with a group of age, gender and intelligence matched controls. And what can you see: there are a series of areas that are thinner in the autistic subjects compared with controls! Hadjikhani et al. Cerebral Cortex 2005 Nouchine Hadjikhani MartinosSCAN 2007

Graphical representation of non-uniform growth patterns in autistic brain Figure 1b. The brain on the left illustrates the areas that are larger in autism. The yellow is the radiate white matter which is the part of Factor 3 above that accounts for the white matter enlargement. The blue is Factor One above which is absolutely but not relatively larger in autism.. The brain on the right highlights Factor 2 above, which is relatively smaller in autism. The point here is that a) all the major regions of the brain, when considered together, manifest NON-UNIFORM volume changes compared with controls, and b) even within the white matter, the volume change is ALSO NON-UNIFORM, with the radiate matter enlarged and the deeper white matter not enlarged (see subsequent slides). AREAS LARGER IN AUTISM: Yellow: radiate white matter—absolutely AND relatively larger; accounts for most of brain enlargement. Blue: absolutely but not relatively larger in autism.. The brain on the right highlights Factor 2 above, which is relatively smaller in autism. Courtesy of: Martha R. Herbert, M.D., Ph.D. Pediatric Neurology--MGH/MIT/HMS