1 Macromolecules

2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic.

3 Carbon (C) Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually bonds with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

4 Macromolecules POLYMERS (chains) of organic molecules.Macromolecules are POLYMERS (chains) of organic molecules. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples of marcromolecules:Examples of marcromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? Answer: Dehydration Synthesis

6 “Dehydrate” means remove water. “Synthesis” means build. “condensation reaction.”Dehydration is also called “condensation reaction.” monomers“removing water” between molecules.Combines monomers by “removing water” between molecules. HOH HH H2OH2O

7 Question: How are Macromolecules broken down (or digested)? Answer: Hydrolysis

8 hydro” means water. “lysis” means split. monomers“adding water”Hydrolysis separates or splits apart monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O

9 Animation /dehydrat.html

10 Carbohydrates

11 Easy-to-access source of energy for organism. Provide structure. Functions of carbohydrates

12 Carbohydrates Sugar molecules – singles, doubles, or long chains.Sugar molecules – singles, doubles, or long chains. Three types:Three types: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

13 A. Monosaccharide: one sugar (single) Primary example:glucose ( Primary example:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) glucose

14 Different Forms of Glucose

15 Other important monosaccharides: Deoxyribose – in DNA Ribose – in RNA Fructose – in honey Galactose – in milk and some foods

16 B. Disaccharide: two sugar units joined (by dehydration synthesis) Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

17 C. Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

18 Lipids

19Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Definition of hydrophobic: “water fearing.” Oils are hydrophobic solvents. Hydrophilic: “water loving.”

20 6 Groups :1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

21 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

22 Glycerol Building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids

23 Lipids Triglycerides: 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglycerides: Molecules made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

24 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds between C (bad for you) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds between C (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

25 Proteins

26 Proteins (Polypeptides) Long chains of amino acids 20 different kinds of amino acids peptide bondsAmino acids bonded together by peptide bonds. Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

27 Amino Acid Amino group on 1 end (NH 2 ) Carboxyl group on other end (COOH) “R” group is variable, from 1 atom to 20. Two amino acids can join together to form a dipeptide (by dehydration synthesis).

28 Proteins Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure

29 Primary Structure peptide bonds Amino acids bonded together through dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

30 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

31 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) CalledCalled“subunit” Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

32 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits

33 One important group of proteins - ENZYMES Biological catalysts* are called enzymes A catalyst reduces the amount of activation energy required in a chemical reaction.

34 Enzymes are an important class of catalysts in living organisms –Mostly protein –Thousands of different kinds –Each specific for a different chemical reaction

35 Enzyme Shape due to tertiary structure of the protein. Enzymes work on substances called substrates Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the active site Enzymes are reusable!

36 Lock and Key Theory Enzymes are specific to their substrates. Enzyme fits the substrate like a key fits a lock.

37 Nucleic Acids

38 Functions of nucleic acids: Carry genetic information Structure of cell parts called ribosomes

39 Basic subunit of a nucleic acid: NucleotidesNucleotides Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

40 Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)

41 Nucleotides include 3 parts:Nucleotides include 3 parts: -phosphate group -pentose sugar (5-carbon) -nitrogenous base

42 There are 5 different nitrogenous bases adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

43 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T, or U) (A, G, C, T, or U) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

44 DNA - double chain of nucleotides P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

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