1. 1 Macromolecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7Cf Voc4 song…3:41 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7Cf Voc4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7Cf Voc4

2. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. 3 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

4. 4 Carbon is a Versatile Atom It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale

5. 5 Carbon is a Versatile Atom It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale

6. 6 Hydrocarbons The simplest carbon compounds … Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms Copyright Cmassengale

7. 7 Carbon can use its bonds to:: Attach to other carbons Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons Copyright Cmassengale

8. 8 Functional Groups are: Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach Gained Electrons Lost Electrons Copyright Cmassengale

9. 9 Common Functional Groups Copyright Cmassengale

10. 10 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “ building blocks ” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

11. 11 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

12. 12 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “ condensation reaction ”Also called “ condensation reaction ” polymers monomers “ removing water ”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “ removing water ”. HOH HH H2OH2O

13. 13 Linking Monomers Cells link monomers by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water) This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar Remov e H Remove OH H 2 O Forms Copyright Cmassengale

14. 14 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

15. 15 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers “ adding water ”Separates monomers by “ adding water ” HO HH H H2OH2O

16. 16 Breaking Down Polymers Cells break down macromolecu les by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water) Water added to split a double sugar Copyright Cmassengale

17. 17 Carbohydrates

18. 18 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

19. 19 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose

20. 20 Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C 6 H 12 O 6 Copyright Cmassengale

21. 21 Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C 6 H 12 O 6 Copyright Cmassengale

22. 22 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

23. 23 Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar They’re made by joining two monosaccharides Involves removing a water molecule (condensation) Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond Copyright Cmassengale

24. 24 Disaccharides Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules Lactose is made of galactose + glucose GLUCOSE Copyright Cmassengale

25. 25 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

26. 26 Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains Copyright Cmassengale

27. 27 Starch Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants Plant cells store starch for energy Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet Copyright Cmassengale

28. 28 Glycogen Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers Copyright Cmassengale

29. 29 Glycogen Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers Copyright Cmassengale

30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLX 3jEHPET8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLX 3jEHPET8 “What are carbohydrates?” 2:56 min. 30

31. 31 Lipids

32. 32Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember: “ stores the most energy ”Remember: “ stores the most energy ” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

33. 33 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

34. 34 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

35. 35 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

36. 36 Fats in Organisms Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) Copyright Cmassengale

37. 37 Fats in Organisms Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils ) Copyright Cmassengale

38. 38 Triglyceride Monomer of lipids Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic Alcohol (-OL ending) Copyright Cmassengale

39. 39 Triglyceride Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains Copyright Cmassengale

40. 40 Lipids & Cell Membranes Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic) Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic) Copyright Cmassengale

41. “Lipid structure and function” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESP NqKUluRshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESP NqKUluRs 2:50 min. 41

42. 42 Proteins

43. 43 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

44. 44 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure

45. 45 20 Amino Acid Monomers Copyright Cmassengale

46. 46 Structure of Amino Acids Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it: Amino group –NH 2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen -H Side group -R Amino group Carboxyl group R group Side groups Leucine -hydrophobic Serine-hydrophillic Copyright Cmassengale

47. 47 Linking Amino Acids Cells link amino acids together to make proteins The process is called condensation or dehydration Peptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together Carboxyl Amino Side Group Dehydration Synthesis Peptide Bond Copyright Cmassengale

48. 48 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

49. 49 Primary Protein Structure The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein Called polypeptide Amino Acid Copyright Cmassengale

50. 50 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

51. 51 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of joined poypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “ subunit ”.Call a “ subunit ”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

52. 52 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “ subunits ” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits

53. 53 Denaturating Proteins Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works Cooking denatures protein in eggs Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures Copyright Cmassengale

54. 54 Other Important Proteins Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen The cell membrane also contains proteins Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells Copyright Cmassengale

55. 55 Other Important Proteins Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen The cell membrane also contains proteins Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells Copyright Cmassengale

56. “What is a Protein?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBR FIMcxZNMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBR FIMcxZNM 3;38 min. 56

57. 57 Nucleic Acids

58. 58Copyright Cmassengale

59. 59 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

60. 60 Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Suga r Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotide Copyright Cmassengale

61. 61 Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer Copyright Cmassengale

62. 62 Nucleic Acids Copyright Cmassengale

63. 63 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

64. 64 Bases Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Adenine (A)Guanine (G) – Adenine (A) – Guanine (G) – Thymine (T) – Cytosine (C) Copyright Cmassengale

65. 65 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA

66. 66 DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base pair Double helix Copyright Cmassengale

67. 67 RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra – OH or hydroxyl group It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or U) Sugar (ribose) Phosphate group Uraci l Copyright Cmassengale

68. 68 ATP – Cellular Energy ATP is used by cells for energy Adenosine triphosphate Made of a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups Copyright Cmassengale

69. ATP – Cellular Energy Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP The last 2 phosphate bonds are HIGH ENERGY Breaking the last phosphate bond releases energy for cellular work and produces ADP and a free phosphate ADP (adenosine Diphosphate) can be rejoined to the free phosphate to make more ATP Copyright Cmassengale69

70. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf 2jcznLsYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf 2jcznLsY Bozeman..10:46 “The molecules of Life” 70