1. 1 BIOMOLECULES copyright cmassengale

2. Elements & Compounds All living things are made from chemical compounds. Those compounds are built using elements and molecules. –The basic unit of an element is an atom. Consists of electrons, protons and neutrons –Each atom is then combined to form molecules. –Different combinations form different molecules. Take pizza for example: Using different ingredients we build different types of pizzas. Your basic cheese, then pepperoni, pepperoni with sausage…and so on.

3. 3 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic compounds BIOMOLECULES organic moleculesBIOMOLECULES are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

4. 4 Carbon (C) Basic unit of most biomoleculesBasic unit of most biomolecules Carbonbonds 4Carbon can form bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Forming biomolecules C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale

6. 6 Biomolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

7. 7 Question: How Are biomolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale

8. 8 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

9. Dehydration Synthesis of a Disaccharide copyright cmassengale

10. 10 Question: How are biomolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale

11. 11 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

12. 12 Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale

13. 13 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

14. FUNCTION Short term energy Structural components –Chitin – shells of animals –Cellulose – stalks of plants Cell Recognition –Sugars on cells can detect invaders copyright cmassengale14

15. 15 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose- simple sugar found in juices ( Examples:glucose- simple sugar found in juices (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Fructose – corn syrup/cereals Galactose – sugar found in dairy products glucose copyright cmassengale

16. 16 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

17. 17 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

18. Carbohydrate Shapes Can be rings or a straight chain But will always have C, H, O

19. Review 1.How many sugars are in a monosaccharide? 2.What is one function of a carbohydrate? 3.How are biomolecules broken apart? Condensation reaction or hydrolysis copyright cmassengale19

20. 20 Lipids copyright cmassengale

21. 21Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale

22. 22 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

23. 23 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

24. 24 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

25. Shapes of fatty acids

26. STEROIDS Composed of four fused carbon rings Familiar steroid in humans is cholesterol –Help with chemical processes in the body (metaboloism), growth, and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

27. 27 Proteins copyright cmassengale

28. 28 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

29. 29 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

30. 30 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

31. Amino Acid Structure

32. 32 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

33. 33 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

34. 34 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale

35. Review 1.The monomers of proteins are? 2.What is one function of a lipid? 3.How are biomolecules put together? Condensation reaction or hydrolysis copyright cmassengale35

36. 36 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

37. 37 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale

38. 38 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

39. 39 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

40. Nucleic Acid Structure A nitrogenous base 1-3 phosphate groups Five carbon sugar