POLA ANALISA SOSIAL Pertemuan 12 Matakuliah: Sosiologi Komunikasi Massa Tahun: 2009/2010

Komponen Penelitian Ilmiah Obyektif / Subjektif Systematis Metodologis 3 Bina Nusantara University

Pilihan Metodologi –Research Questions – Pertanyaan Penelitian –Research Goals – Tujuan Penelitian –Researcher Beliefs and Values – Nilai-nilai dan Kepercayaan Peneliti –Researcher Skills – Kemampuan Peneliti –Time and Funds – Waktu dan Dana 4 Bina Nusantara University

Sumber Data Kualitatif –Artifact –Speech –Behavior Kuantitatif –Variable 5 Bina Nusantara University

Konteks Penelitian –Who were the subjects? Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Warga Negara, dll Pendidikan, Pengalaman Kerja, dll –What were they doing? Deskripsi Pekerjaan, dll Current projects, etc –When was data collected? Time of day and year How did it fit into their day? –Where did data collection take place? Physical surroundings Geographical location –Why did they participate? Motivations, both individual and organizational –How was data gathered? Details of methods – recording, format, who was present, etc. 6 Bina Nusantara University

Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms The qualitative paradigm concentrates on investigating subjective data, in particular, the perceptions of the people involved. The intention is to illuminate these perceptions and, thus, gain greater insight and knowledge. The quantitative paradigm concentrates on what can be measured. It involves collecting and analysing objective (often numerical) data that can be organised into statistics. 7 Bina Nusantara University

Defining Media events Mediated history? ‘the high holidays of mass communication’ (Dayan and Katz) Different from – and often interrupt – normal scheduled programming –Live –Remote –Pre-planned 8 Bina Nusantara University

Media events in theoretical context – Durkheim Elementary Forms of the Religious Life –‘the sacred’ and ‘the profane’ –Society celebrates itself through ritual The Division of Labour –‘organic solidarity’ –‘mechanical solidarity’ 9 Bina Nusantara University

Media events as ritual Anthropological accounts of role of ritual in society (Turner, Van Gennep) Media events provide feelings of unity and togetherness for atomised, individualised audiences BUT - ‘Media events…are privileged moments, not because they reveal society’s underlying solidarity, but because they reveal the mythical construction of the mediated centre at its most intense’ (Couldry) Social Order (in crisis?) Social Order (restored) Ritual ‘liminality’ ‘communitas’ 10 Bina Nusantara University

Media events and Weber Three forms of authority –Rational-legal –Charismatic –Traditional Different types of media events draw on or reflect different forms of authority (conquests, contests and coronations) 11 Bina Nusantara University

Contests Typically political or sporting contests (election campaigns, debates, Olympics, World Cup) Fixed and cyclical Rational authority Agreed rules – ‘a level playing field; ‘the best man (sic) will win’ 12 Bina Nusantara University

Conquests The rarest events – moments of human achievement or triumph (Moon landings, Mandela, Sadat in Jerusalem) Acts of ‘heroism’ Charismatic authority Changing the rules – signalling change and progress 13 Bina Nusantara University

Coronations Not fixed in time – but recurrent (Elizabeth II, Royal Weddings, Diana’s Funeral) The ‘nation’ is the stage Traditional authority Signals continuity 14 Bina Nusantara University

Re-thinking media events Is this sufficient to account for all media events in 21 st century? (the unplanned?; the ‘invented’) Are audiences unified? (Princess Diana) Media events in the digital age –Media events restore the primacy of broadcasting –Give broadcasters the chance to demonstrate their centrality & innovativeness 15 Bina Nusantara University

Social Policy and Mass Media What effect does movie and TV violence have on audiences? Does violence in the media lead people, especially youth, to become more violent? Media Violence –The Issue 16 Bina Nusantara University

Social Policy and Mass Media We spend great deal of time with the media Does watching hours of mass media with violent images cause one to behave differently? –Some studies linked exposure to media violence to subsequent aggressive behavior Media Violence –The Setting It is important to recognize that other factors besides the media are also related to aggressive behavior. 17 Bina Nusantara University

Social Policy and Mass Media If function of media is to entertain, socialize, and enforce social norms, can violence be part of that message? Even if viewer does not necessarily become more violent from watching violent images, there could be desensitization Media Violence –Sociological Insights 18 Bina Nusantara University

Social Policy and Mass Media Conflict and feminist theorists are troubled that victims depicted in violent imagery are often: –Women –Children –Poor –Racial minorities –Citizens of foreign countries –Physically disabled Media Violence –Sociological Insights 19 Bina Nusantara University

Social Policy and Mass Media Interactionists especially interested in finding out if violence in media may then become script for real-life behavior Media Violence –Sociological Insights 20 Bina Nusantara University

Reluctance to pass laws regarded as censorship Social Policy and Mass Media Policymakers responded to links between violence depicted in media and real life aggression: –Public statements of support for family- oriented, less-violent media content Media Violence –Policy Initiatives 21 Bina Nusantara University

Social Policy and Mass Media Figure 7-4. Violence on Prime-Time Television, 1998—2002 Source: Parents Television Council Bina Nusantara University

Conclusions Media events and ‘the live broadcasting of history’ Weber and Durkheim (and anthropological accounts of ritual) offer new perspectives on media power ‘Unify’ atomized audiences Re-assert the primacy of broadcasting for a dispersed audience 23 Bina Nusantara University