The Circulatory System

Arteries, veins, and the heart are the main organs of the circulatory system. Blood in the circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste materials. In this section, you will learn that the circulatory system is one of the most important systems of the body. Any disorder that disrupts the flow of blood can cause brain damage or death. For this reason, health care workers should be familiar with the treatment and prevention of circulatory system disorders. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education2

 Match key terms with their correct meanings.  Name the major organs of the circulatory system.  Label a diagram of the heart and blood vessels.  Recognize functions of the circulatory system.  Identify the common disorders of the circulatory system.  List the parts of the circulatory system through which blood flows.  Describe how the circulatory system supports life.  Explain why the health care worker’s understanding of the circulatory system is important. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education3

 Arteries  Carry blood from the lower chambers of the heart to all parts of the body  Arterioles  Small arteries that connect arteries with capillaries  Capillaries  Thin walls that allow nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to move in and out of the blood  Venules  Small veins that connect veins with capillaries  Veins  Carry blood from all the different parts of the body and return it to the heart Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education4

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 Caused by pressure of the blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the heart contracts and relaxes  Indicates how well the blood is circulating through the body  Count the number of beats (heartbeats) in 1 minute  Beats per minute (BPM) Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education7

 Rate  Number of pulse beats per minute  Rhythm  Regularity of beats  Report heartbeat below 60 and over 100 bpm  Volume  Strength or pressure felt with each beat ▪Bounding – leaping, strong, or forceful pulse ▪Thready – weak, barely-felt pulse, think “like a thread” Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education8

Increase Pulse Rate  Exercise  Illness  Anxiety  Medication  Shock Decrease Pulse Rate  High level of aerobic fitness  Depression  Medication  Cardiac dysfunction  Sleep Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education9

 Tachycardia – rate is over 100 bpm  Bradycardia – rate is less than 60 bpm  Arrhythmia – rate is irregular  Radial pulse  Most common site for counting the pulse rate  Counted on the thumb side of the wrist  Use your fingertips of index and middle finger to feel for it  Apical pulse  Counted at the apex of the heart  Place stethoscope 2 to 3 inches to the left of the sternum Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education10

Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson11 - Find your radial pulse -Find your carotid pulse -Get with a partner, find his/her radial pulse and count it for one full minute – write down what you get -Apical pulse: -Find your apical pulse with the stethoscope, count it for one full minute, write down your answer

 The pump that forces blood throughout the body  Outside of the heart made primarily of muscle, and the inside is divided into four hollow chambers:  Right atrium  Right ventricle  Left atrium  Left ventricle  Heart wall is made up of layers of tissue:  Endocardium  Myocardium  Pericardium Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education12

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Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson17 -Apical pulse: -Find your apical pulse with the stethoscope, count it for one full minute, write down your answer and compare it with the numbers from you radial/carotid pulse -Are they very similar? -Are they totally different?

 Write down the blood flow through the heart, starting with the vena cava Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education18

 aneurism - weakened section in the wall of a blood vessel  arteriosclerosis - condition in which the walls of the arteries become thick and harden

 varicose veins - enlarged veins that are not efficient in returning blood to the heart  myocardial infarct (MI)- heart attack  a condition in which the infarction coronary arteries of the heart are blocked, causing the tissue beyond the blockage to be without a blood supply

 heart murmur - sound indicates a heart valve that does not close completely, allowing blood to flow back into the heart chamber it just left  congenital - condition in which abnormalities of heart disease were present since birth  hypertension - high blood pressure

 endocarditis - inflammation of the inside lining of the heart  myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle  pericarditis - inflammation of the outer lining of the heart

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 bradycardia - abnormally slow heart rate  cardiogenic - beginning within the heart  cardiopulmonary - pertaining to the heart and lungs

 cardiovascular - pertaining to the heart and blood vessels  carditis - inflammation of the heart muscle  cyanosis - bluish discoloration of the skin

 ecchymosis - bruised condition  electrocardiogram - ECG/EKG; a tracing of heart activity  embolus - blood clot in the circulatory system

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 intravenous IV - within a vein  leukocyte - white blood cell  thrombus - blood clot that obstructs circulation

 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft  Video? Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education29

 Force of the blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels  Systolic pressure is the greatest force exerted on the walls of the arteries by the heart when it contracts  Diastolic pressure is the least force exerted on the walls of the arteries by the heart  Occurs as the heart relaxes  Normal pressure is systolic below 135 and diastolic below 85  Hypertension is (HTN) high blood pressure  Hypotension is low blood pressure Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education30

Increase blood pressure  Loss of elasticity in the arteries (arteriosclerosis)  Exercise  Eating  Stimulants  Anxiety Decrease Blood Pressure  Hemorrhage  Inactivity  Fasting  Suppressants  Depression  Shock Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education31

120/80=120 Systolic 80 Diastolic 90/70=90 Systolic 70 Diastolic Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson32

Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson33 One type of blood pressure apparatus—aneroid sphygmomanometer. Sphygmo—refers to pulse Mano—refers to pressure Meter—refers to measure = Sphygmomanometer

34  Go to p. 251 in your workbook – these are the same;  What are your readings?

 Read over procedure  Then lets practice Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education35

 Internist  Physician who may provide either primary or long-term comprehensive care  Cardiologist  Medical doctor who diagnoses, treats, and tries to prevent problems in the cardiovascular system (heart and heart vessels)  Cardiopulmonary Technician  Perfusionist - someone who operates a heart-and-lung machine  ECG/EKG Technician  Performs tests such as EKGs and stress tests, to help physicians diagnose and treat problems with the heart and blood vessels  Echocardiogram Technician  Uses ultrasound to perform specialized tests called echocardiograms Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education36

 adequate  carbon dioxide  extremities  oxygen  oxygenated  primarily  unoxygenated  waste products Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education37