THE MOST POPULAR LITERARY GENRE IN THE VICTORIAN AGE WAS… THE NOVEL WHY? Because the……………… read a lot of literature. middle classes They borrowed books from circulating libraries and read periodicals. Many novels were published in instalments in periodicals. Readers could influence the writer! THEREFORE Novels were read aloud in the family. Many readers were ………. who spent more time at home. women Many writers were also women but had to use a male pseudonym

THE VICTORIAN NOVEL The writers felt they had a moral and social responsibility. They showed the evils of society… Their criticism was not ………. … and denounced them. AIMS They only made readers aware of social injustices. BUT… radical They did not incite the poor to rebel.

THE VICTORIAN NOVEL ……………. narrator The setting was usually the….. The plot was long and complex. FEATURES In the final chapter there were reward and…………… rigid barrier between right and wrong symbol of the evils of industrialism Omniscient city Writers concentrated on the creation of…………… characters punishment

He was born in Portsmouth in Later he became a parliamentary reporter and a journalist. CHARLES DICKENS He had an unhappy childhood because his father was imprisoned for debt and he had to start working in a factory at an early age. LIFE In the 1830s he started his brilliant career as a novelist. He died in London in 1870 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

His most famous works include: They deal with exploited children in slums and factories CHARLES DICKENS WORKS They deal with social issues, like the conditions of the poor and the working class Oliver Twist David Copperfield His autobiographical novels Little Dorrit Bleak House Hard Times Great Expectations

He was mainly a storyteller. He denounced the spiritual and material corruption of ………………… CHARLES DICKENS industrialism He became increasingly critical but he never incited the poor to rebel. He only made readers aware of social injustices …. … to stimulate the common sense of all classes to relieve suffering. His plots were well-planned but at times artificial and sentimental. The setting was the industrial town, usually London. FEATURES

He created …………………. of middle and lower class people. CHARLES DICKENS CARICATURES He ………… their social characteristics, vanity and ambition. He was always on the side of… ONE OF DICKENS’S BEST QUALITIES WAS HIS HUMOUR mocked the poor the outcast the working class children Often wiser than adults and moral models for adults CHARACTERS

ONE OF THE MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES IN THE VICTORIAN AGE WAS UTILITARIANISM Only what is ……….. is good. It was a materialistic theory rooted in reason and common sense. Because useful actions bring..... useful...the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It was based on ‘s principles. Jeremy Bentham material

It denounces the gap between the… It criticises… CHARLES DICKENS HARD TIMES 1854 = rich and poor factory owners and factory workers MATERIALISMUTILITARIANISM It is set in an imaginary industrial town called ………………. COKETOWN INDUSTRIALISM

It criticises… CHARLES DICKENS embodied by… who treats his workers like machines teaching them only FACTS… HARD TIMES 1854 UTILITARIANISM Mr Bounderby Mr Gradgrind who treats his students like machines … neglecting their imagination and their personality