18-5 What Are the Health Effects of Air Pollution? Concept 18-5 Air pollution can contribute to asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, heart attack, and stroke.

Your Body’s Natural Defenses against Air Pollution Can Be Overwhelmed Your respiratory system has a number of ways to help _______________ you from air pollutants Hairs in your nose filter out ___________ particles Sticky ____________ in the lining of your upper respiratory tract captures _______________ particles Sneezing and coughing ____________ contaminated air protect large mucus smaller expels

Your Body’s Natural Defenses against Air Pollution Can Be Overwhelmed In addition, tiny mucus-coated hair-like structures called ____________, line your upper respiratory tract Continually move back and forth transporting mucus and the pollutants it traps to your _____________, where they are either…. ______________________ or ________________________ cilia throat swallowed expelled

Fig , p. 484 Epithelial cell CiliaNasal cavity Oral cavity Goblet cell (secreting mucus) Pharynx (throat) Mucus Trachea (windpipe) Bronchus Bronchioles Right lung Alveolar duct Bronchioles Alveolar sac (sectioned) Alveoli

Prolonged or acute exposure to air pollutants, including tobacco smoke, can _______________ or break down these natural defenses Fine and ultrafine particles may get lodged ________ into the lungs, contributing to… ____________________ overload deep chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma lung cancer Heart attack stroke

Air Pollution Is a Big Killer According to the World Health Organization (______), at least ____________________ people die prematurely each year due to air pollution Averages out to _______ deaths per hour Mostly in _____________; 750,000 in China 150,000 to 350,000 in the ____________ ______ of these deaths are due to indoor air pollution The main pollution sources leading to these deaths are… ____________________ power plants _______________ fumes emitted by trucks, buses, trains, construction equipment, and large ships Emissions from one truck = _______ cars WHO 2.4 million 274 Asia U.S. 67% Coal-burning diesel 150

Premature Deaths from Air Pollution in the U.S. Fig , p. 485

18-6 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? Concept 18-6 Legal, economic, and technological tools can help us to clean up air pollution, but the best solution is to prevent it.

Laws and Regulations Can Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution (1) The United States provides an excellent example of how a ________________ approach can reduce air pollution U.S. Congress passed the ______________________ in 1970, 1977, and 1990….created regulations for key pollutants that are enforced by states and major cities Congress also directed the EPA to establish air quality standards for 6 major outdoor pollutants…CO, NO 2, SO 2, SPM, ozone, and lead Primary standard – protects _________________ health Secondary standard – intended to prevent _________________ and __________________ damage regulatory Clean Air Acts human environmental property

Laws and Regulations Can Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution (1) The EPA has also established emission standards for _______ hazardous air pollutants (_______) Mostly chlorinated hydrocarbons, VOCs, or compounds of toxic metals Toxic Release ______________(TRI) First released in 1988, now available on the Internet Requires power plants, factories, and manufacturers to _______ their release and waste management methods 188 HAPs Inventory report

Laws and Regulations Can Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution (2) Good news in U.S. According to a 2009 EPA report, the combined emissions of the 6 major pollutants decreased by _______ despite significant increase in GDP CO 2 emission did go up by _______ Bad news… Approximately _______ of Americans live in area where the air is unhealthy during ________ of the year ______________________ could increase this percentage Less-developed countries - ________ air pollution 54% 16% 57% part Global warming more

Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved (1) Environmental scientists call for the strengthening of U.S. Air pollution laws by… Putting a greater emphasis on _________________ air pollution instead of cleanup Ex: banning lead in gasoline greatly reduced levels Sharply reduce _______________ from power plants, industrial plants, and other industry Raise _____________________ for cars, SUVs, and light trucks Better regulation of emissions of motorcycles and two- cycle gasoline engines Lawn mower use for 1 hour = 34 hours of driving a car preventing emissions fuel-efficiency

Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved (2) Regulate air pollution for oceangoing ___________ in American ports Regulate emissions at U.S. ________________ Sharply reduce ________________ pollution Increased and more accurate ________________ of air pollutants ships airports indoor monitoring

We Can Use the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution The Clean Air Act of 1990 authorized _____________ ________________ or cap-and-trade program with the hopes of reducing SO 2 emissions Coal-fired power plants can buy and sell SO 2 pollution rights Mixed reactions to program – works overall, but allows dirtier power plants to ________ their way out of environmental responsibilities NO x now in effect Mercury plan strongly _________________ for creating toxic hotspots emission trading buy opposed

Fig , p. 487 Solutions Stationary Source Air Pollution PreventionReduction or Disposal Burn low-sulfur coal or remove sulfur from coal Convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel Remove pollutants from smokestack gases Phase out coal use Tax each unit of pollution produced Disperse emissions (which can increase downwind pollution) with tall smokestacks

Fig , p. 487 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution PreventionCleanup Walk, bike, or use mass transit Require emission control devices Inspect car exhaust systems twice a year Improve fuel efficiency Get older, polluting cars off the road Set strict emission standards Solutions

Fig , p. 488 Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Ban indoor smokingUse adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Cleanup or Dilution Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Circulate air more frequently Circulate a building’s air through rooftop greenhouses Prevent radon infiltration Use less polluting cleaning agents, paints, and other products Use efficient venting systems for wood- burning stoves Solutions

Turbo Stove in India Fig , p. 488

Review Questions What are some laws or policies carried out by the U.S. that have helped to reduce air pollution? What is an emissions trading program? What are a few ways to reduce… –Emissions from power plants? –Emissions from motor vehicles? –Indoor air pollution? Clean Air ActsHAPs monitoringTRI Allows power plants to buy or sell pollution rights Use low sulfur coal Alternative energy source Tax pollution Walk/bike moreFuel efficiency Emission standards Use less pollutantsBan smokingBetter filtration