Transition to Professional Nursing

 III. 3. Explain the etiology, physiological changes, diagnosis, collaborative treatment and nursing care of clients with noncomplex disorders

 Etiology = unknown, may be triggered by aging, genetic changes obesity, smoking, and/or trauma  Pathophysiology = progressive deterioration and loss of cartilage in one or more joints  Diagnosis = x-rays

 Collaborative Treatment = Activity/exercise Adequate nutrition surgery

 Nursing Care Chronic pain management Complimentary therapies Pre and post op care  Embolism, infection, bleeding, pain, neurovascular compromise Patient teaching

 Etiology Invasion and inadequacy of immune system to overcome  Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, helminths Inhaled Non-infectious sources  Toxic gases, chemicals, smoke Aspiration sources  Water. Food. Fluid. Vapor

 Pathophysiology Invader triggers inflammation in the interstitial spaces, alveoli and often bronchioles; penetrating the mucosa and multiplying; WBC’s migrate to the area and cause local capillary leak, edema and exudate; fluid collects around alveoli and the walls thicken reducing gas exchange leading to hypoxemia; capillary leak spreads the infection to other areas of the lung; RBC’s and fibrin stiffen the lung reducing compliance

 Diagnosis = Chest X-ray Sputum CBC  Collaborative Treatment = Maintain oxygenation Maintain Clear airway Prevent sepsis Manage pain

 Nursing Care Patient teaching Provide resources IS, oxygen therapy prevention

 Etiology 75% caused by systemic hypertension Second most = Structural heart changes Other causes  CAD  Cardiomyopathy  Substance abuse  Cardiac infections  Dysrhythmias  Diabetes Mellitus  Smoking  Family Hx  Hyperkinetic conditions (e. g. Hyperthyroidism)

 Pathophysiology Most common Lt-sided HF (CHF) Hypertension, CAD and valvular disorders cause poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion from increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels  Diagnosis Microalbuminuria, BNP, Chest X-rays, Radionuclide studies, ECG,

 Collaborative Treatment Maintain oxygenation improve cardiac output – drugs Nutrition therapy  Nursing Care Manage fluid volume Patient teaching Manage activity and rest balance Monitor for complications

 Etiology Unknown cause Metabolic risk factors  Hypercalcemia  Hyperoxaluria  Hyperuricemia  Struvite  cystinuria

 Pathophysiology Slow urine flow causes crystallization or element which forms stone Damage to the lining of the urinary tract from crystals Decreased inhibitor substances that would prevent crystal formation  Diagnosis X-rays, ultrasound, IV urography UA Renal colic

 Collaborative Treatment Surgical treatment Pain management Complementary therapies Lithotripsy Control infections Nutrition therapy  Nursing Care Patient teaching Strain urine