Chapter 12 Thermal Energy.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 12 Thermal Energy

12.1- Temperature and Thermal Energy Thermodynamics- the study of heat transformations into other forms of energy began with 18th century steam engines

Thermal Energy Thermal Energy- total energy of a molecule From this the average energy per molecule can be calculated

Hot Objects What will happen to this balloon if it is placed in a refrigerator? What about over a pot of boiling water?

Solids Particles cannot move freely- Vibrate

Thermal Energy and Temperature Group 1

Energy DOES depend on mass Temperature- depends on the average kinetic energy of particles; does not depend on mass How much energy would a 2 kg block have to have compared to 1 kg block at the same temperature? Energy DOES depend on mass Average Kinetic Energy per particle= Total Kinetic Energy/ Number of Particle

Equilibrium and Thermometry Conduction- transfer of kinetic energy when particles collide

Thermal Equilibrium Thermal Equilibrium- the state in which the rate of energy flow between the two objects is equal and the objects are at the same temperature Thermometers: GROUP 2

Temperature Scales Celsius- developed with water in mind Kelvin- no negative temperatures TC+273=TK Temperature limits No upper limit Lower limit is absolute zero (-273.15 oC)

Heat and Flow of Thermal Energy Heat- energy that is transferred between objects Always flows from hot to cold Conduction and Convection- GROUP 3 RADIATION- GROUP 4

Specific Heat The amount the temperature increases depends on the mass and type of object. The amount of energy that must be added to the material to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one temperature unit. J/kg K Table 12-1 page 318

Heat Transfer Q=mC∆T Heat transfer is equal to the mass of an object times the specific heat of the object times the difference between the final and initial temperatures.

Math Examples

Calorimetry: Measuring Specific Heat Calorimeter-device used to measure changes in thermal energy Tf=mACATA + mBCBTB mACA + mBCB

Math Practice

12.2 Changes of State and the Laws of Thermodynamics As the thermal energy of an object increases, the motion of the particles __________, and the temperature __________.

Melting Point Change from a solid to a liquid All energy goes to break forces between particles. No energy increase KE Temperature ____________________.

Boiling Point Change from a liquid to a gas Temperature ____________________.

Heat of Fusion Amount of energy needed to melt 1 kg of a substance Q=mHf

Heat of Vaporization Thermal energy needed to vaporize 1 kg of a liquid Q=mHv

What would the equation be for the freezing of a substance?

Math Examples

You will have all day on Thursday to work on Book Work, the Laboratory Analysis, or the Chapter 12 Study Guide. Friday we will finish Chapter 12 Notes Monday we be doing another lab. Tuesday we will grade the Study Guides Test Wednesday

1st Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Efficiency Refrigerators Heat Pumps 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Violations of the 2nd Law

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