Chapter 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933–1941

I. The London Conference London Economic Conference 1933 – Organize an international attack on the depression – FDR didn’t cooperate w/ other nations Results of the failed conference – Reflected the powerful persistence of U.S. isolation – More economic nationalism – Increased the power of dictators

II. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians Roosevelt withdraws from Asia – Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 Independence of the Philippines by 1946 But keep U.S. naval bases Roosevelt’s one internationalist gesture – He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 USSR balanced Nazi Germany & a militaristic Japan

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III. Becoming a Good Neighbor The Good Neighbor policy – Consultation & nonintervention in South American FDR’s new era in relations with Latin America – Renounce armed invention in Latin America End of Roosevelt Corollary (?) Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy: – Increased goodwill among the people of the south

IV. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements – The Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) Activated the low-tariff policies of the New Dealers US foreign trade increased appreciably Paved the way for post WWII international economy

V. Storm-Cellar Isolationism Spread of totalitarianism – Stalin’s communist USSR led the way – Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Italy – Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany – Tojo’s militaristic Japan – In 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis Johnson Debt Default Act (1934) – Debtor nations couldn’t borrow more from U.S.

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VI. Congress Legislates Neutrality The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 – U.S. not allowed to trade or loan to a belligerent – U.S. no distinctions between aggressor or victim U.S. unwittingly helped dictators – By not helping friendly nations

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VII. America Dooms Loyalist Spain The Spanish Civil War of – Francisco Franco overthrew elected government Supported by Mussolini’s Italy & Hitler’s Germany Abraham Lincoln Brigade – 3,000 American’s go to Spain to fight as volunteers Goal- to defend the elected government (Loyalists) Naval construction act (~$1 Billion) 1938 – Most said - too little, too late

VIII. Appeasing Japan and Germany Japan’s militarists launch all-out China invasion – U.S. response - The Quarantine Speech Called for a “quarantine” on aggressors Munich Conference (September 1938) – Sudetenland / Czechoslovakia to Germany – Appeasement of the dictators

IX. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality The notorious Hitler-Stalin pact – Gave Hitler the green light to attack – America overwhelmingly anti-Nazi and anti-Hitler – America fervently hoped democracies would win – America desperately determined to stay out The Neutrality Act of 1939 – Allies could buy on “cash-and-carry basis.” – This unneutral neutrality law hurt China

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X. The Fall of France Germany takes Poland (Sept 1939) – GB & France declare war on Germany “Phony war” – Germany takes invades Denmark, Norway – Soviets invade Finland Germany invades / controls France (June 1940) Roosevelt’s prepares to fight – Congress appropriated $37 billion – Congress passed a conscription law – The Havana Conference of 1940: 21 ‘American’ nations agree to defend western hemisphere

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XI. Refugees from the Holocaust Kristallnacht, the “night of broken glass” The ship St. Louis refused entry to U.S. The War Refugee Board – 150,000 Jews, mostly Germans and Austrians, Okd

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XII. Bolstering Britain Battle of Britain (Air bombardment) Debate about U.S. policy – Interventionists, “Britain Is Fighting Our Fight” – To isolationists. “All Methods Short of War” Britain: In critical need – On September 2, 1940, U.S. gave 50 old ships – U.S. got 8 military base sites in N & S America

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XIII. Shattering the Two-Term Tradition Republicans: Wendell L. Willkie of Indiana – Condemned FDR’s alleged dictatorship, New Deal Democrats: FDR (third term) – Third term better than a “Third-Rater.” The 1940 election results – FDR wins popular vote 27,307,819 to 22,321,018 – FDR wins the electoral count 449 to – Democratic majorities in Congress basically same

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XIV. A Landmark Lend-Lease Law Roosevelt plan to provide arms to democracies – “Send guns, not sons” or “Billions, not bodies” – America, the “arsenal of democracy” One of the most momentous laws ever to pass – Basically, an economic declaration of war ($50 B) – Ended isolationism, abandoned neutrality pretense Results of lend-lease – U.S. factories for all-out war production – Prepared U.S. for direct fighting

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XV. Charting a New World The fall of France, June 1940 Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941 Atlantic Charter August 1941 – Churchill and Roosevelt (Later Stalin) – Stated war aims

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XVI. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats Clash U.S. warship escorted freighters to Britain – Roosevelt proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy – Destroyer Reuben James torpedoed by U-boat

XVII. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor Japan a formal military ally of Nazi Germany Japan and American relations weren’t good – Late 1940, U.S. placed embargo on Japan – Mid-1941 U.S. froze Japan’s assets – U.S. negotiations with Japan (Nov-Dec 1941) Pearl Harbor attack- December 7, 1941 – FDR – a date “which will live in infamy,” U.S. Declared war on Japan

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XVIII. America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent Japan’s gamble paid off only in the short run Reason’s for U.S. entry into WW II – Didn’t want Britain to fall Wanted democracy in Europe – Wished to halt Japan’s conquests in the Far East Revenge after Pearl Harbor

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