SBI4U – Grade 12 Biology

Outline  Animal of the Day!  Enzyme basics  DNA Forensics  Digestive Disorders

Mr. Wang  Background in marine biology and biological invasion  Science rules  Loves playing tennis and video games  Has one super power!

Animal of the day!  The Texas horned lizard  Defense mechanism: shoot blood at predators ◦ Out of its eyes!  The blood is mixed with foul-smelling chemicals

Enzymes  Breakdown substances  Protein catalyst  Specific to substrate  Present in every cell Pharmaceutical Industry  Develops, produces, and markets medical drugs

 Doctors measure the amount and type of an enzyme to determine any diseases Ex. Damaged liver

 2 practises (Enzyme Therapy and Enzyme Replacement Therapy)  Suggested for people over 35 years of age  Plant-based enzymes are preferred over animal derived enzymes  Many different kinds of capsules  Take once with every meal

 Provides therapeutic benefits ◦ Enhance circulatory and immune systems ◦ Quicker healing ◦ Better stamina  Consume between meals  The practise is increasing in popularity

 There are supplements for this disorder  Lactase is the enzyme  Acidic environment  Better alternative for some people

 There are enzymes in skin care products ◦ Rosecea ◦ Face Wash

Forensics and Fluorescence in the Study of DNA

Forensics  Application of multiple areas of sciences to answer questions pertaining to a legal system  Criminalistics, Pathology, Botany, Archaeology are a few examples of forensic fields

DNA Profiling  A sample of a persons DNA is taken from a buccal swab  Cross referenced or compared against another sample to check for similarities and differences  13 unique DNA regions, or loci, are scanned  These regions or loci vary from person to person and create the persons profile

Forensic Serology  Finding and classifying body fluids such as perspiration, fecal matter saliva, and blood  In charge of the most important evidence in forensics  Used in DNA analysis and DNA profiling

Restriction Enzymes  Used to manipulate DNA  Assist the insertion of genes during gene cloning because it allows flexibility when testing gene fragments  Used to distinguish gene alleles by recognizing single based changes in DNA  Cut the DNA like scissors at specific points in the sequence

RFLP  Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism  Analyzing variable lengths of DNA using a restriction endonuclease  Technique doesn’t work if sample has been degraded by environmental factors like dirt

Fluorescence Fluorescence: light exuded by the absorption of a source of light or radiation  Used to detect various segments of DNA strands  Crucial to DNA sequencing, DNA chip technology, and structure of proteins

Enzymes in DNA  Enzymes along with proteins are needed and mainly used to synthesize new DNA  Synthesis: Artificial union of chemicals/elements to form chemical compounds

Enzyme: Helicase  Enzyme used to unwind double helix of DNA  Aids in repair and preservation of damaged DNA (shown by fluorescence)  Inhibits unwanted recombination

Digestive Disorders

What are Digestive Enzymes?

Indigestion

Obesity

Celiac and Gluten Intolerance

Lactose Intolerance

Pancreatitis

Any Questions?

1. Name 2 things you learned today 2. What did you find interesting? 3. What do you want to see more or less of?