1. Additional DNA Technology AP Biology Ms. Day
Biotechnology (Part 3)
Additional DNA Technology AP Biology
Ms. Day

2. After genes are cloned…
A genomic library is made using bacteriophages (virsues) or bacteria
A stored as a collection of phage clones or bacteria clones

3. Storing Cloned Genes in DNA Libraries
Figure 20.6
Foreign genome
cut up with restriction
enzyme
Recombinant plasmids
Recombinant phage DNA
Phage clones
(b) Phage library
(a) Plasmid library or
Bacterial clones

4. Made when cloning a eukaryotic gene of interest INTO a prokaryote
Complementary DNA (cDNA)
Made when cloning a eukaryotic gene of interest INTO a prokaryote
Uses reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell

5. What if a scientist need A LOT of DNA copies?
Use the polymerase chain reaction, PCR
Produces many copies of a specific target segment of DNA
Uses DNA primers (pieces) that bracket the desired sequence
Uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase

6. DNA Amplification  makes a lot of DNA copies
PCR = polymerase chain reaction
PCR Animation
Animation #9

7. Restriction Fragment Analysis
detects DNA differences that affect restriction sites
Restriction fragment analysis
provides useful comparative information about DNA sequences

8. http://www. sumanasinc

9. Restriction Fragment Analysis
Figure 20.9a, b
Normal  -globin allele
Sickle-cell mutant -globin allele
175 bp
201 bp
Large fragment
DdeI
376 bp
DdeI restriction sites in normal and sickle-cell alleles of
-globin gene.
Electrophoresis of restriction fragments from normal and sickle-cell alleles.
Normal allele
Sickle-cell allele
201 bp 175 bp
(a)
(b)
Is useful for comparing two different DNA molecules, such as two alleles for a gene

10. Restriction Fragment Length Differences as Genetic Markers
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Are differences in DNA sequences on homologous chromosomes
result in DIFFERENT restriction fragments lengths

11. Think…
In your groups, come up with 4 ways in which biotechnology is used in 2017.

12. Current Uses for Biotechnology: 1.) Medical Applications
identification of MUTATED human genes that plays a role in genetic diseases
Medical scientists can now diagnose hundreds of human genetic disorders

13. Human Gene Therapy Gene therapy
When you alter an individual’s MUTATED genes
Holds great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene
Uses various vectors for delivery of genes into cells (plasmids, vectors, etc)

14. Gene therapy using a retroviral vector
Let retrovirus infect bone marrow cells
that have been removed from the
patient and cultured. 2
Viral DNA carrying the normal
allele inserts into chromosome. 3
Inject engineered
cells into patient. 4

15. 2. Pharmaceutical Applications
Applications of DNA technology include
Large-scale production of human hormones and other proteins with therapeutic uses (ex: insulin)
Production of safer vaccines

16. 3. Forensic Applications
DNA “fingerprints” obtained by analysis of tissue or body fluids found at crime scenes
Can provide criminal evidence
Establish paternity/maternity

17. 4. Environmental Applications
Genetic engineering can be used to modify the metabolism of microorganisms
Some microorganisms can “eat” minerals (ex: oil) from environment or degrade toxic waste materials

18. 5. Agricultural Applications
DNA technology
Is being used to improve agricultural productivity and food quality

19. 6. Pharming and GMO’s Transgenic animals and GMO’s
Contain genes from other organisms
Transgenic Video (Chapter 20)