Geology, Astronomy, Meteorology, and Oceanography 1. The branches of Earth Science are:

2. Atmosphere – layer of gases that surround Earth Lithosphere – solid rock layer around Earth Hydrosphere – layer of liquid water that surround Earth Biosphere – life part of Earth

3. Mass, (volume), length, time

4. Observation – descriptions about the environment using the 5 senses. Example: The book is red.

5. Qualitative observation describes the condition or physical attributes of something. Ex. red book Quantitative observations describes the amount of something in the environment (using includes a number). Ex. 4 red books

6. Inference – an educated guess. Example: It will rain tomorrow.

7. Equilibrium – a balance between opposing forces. Example: Tug of war game

8. Interface – the boundary between 2 different materials. Example: Air and Water (pond) and weather fronts

9. Solid – L x W x H = V Liquid – measured using a graduated cylinder in mL.

x 10^5 km

11. As x increase, y increases (vice versa).

12. As x increase, y decreases (vice versa).

13. As x increase, y increases and decreases.

14. As x increase, y stays the same (vice versa).

15. Example: 30°F increases to 48°F in 6 hours Rate of Change = change in field value/time Rate of Change = (48°F - 30°F) / 6 hours Rate of Change = 3°F/hr

16. Percent error = (difference between your value and accepted value / accepted value) x 100%

17. Density – amount of matter per unit volume; how tightly packed matter is. D = m / v * m = D x v * v = m / D

18. Densest – solid Least dense – gas *Except for water – densest as liquid!

19. As temperature increases, density decreases (indirect).

20. As pressure increases, density increases (direct).

21. 4°C

22. Stays the same! (Mass and Volume will also be halved so the ratio stays the same.)

23. They do NOT affect density!

24. D = 45g / 9 mL D = 5.0 g/mL

25. m = v x D m = 6 x 3 = 18.0g

26. v = m / D v = 20 / 10 = 2.0 cm^3

27. a) D = m / v b) D = 348.6g / mL c) D = 2.8 g/mL d) Quartz – 2.65 g/mL e) Percent error = (difference between your value and accepted value / accepted value) x 100% f) % error = (( ) / 2.65) x 100 g) % error = 5.7 %