Memmler’s A&P Chap 17: Body defenses, immunity and vaccines
Immune system p366 Protects us from harmful pathogens WBCs and lymphatic system make up the immune system.
Why do infections occur? p366 Portal of entry must be present. Virulence of pathogen. The dose of the pathogen. Predisposition of individual.
Nonspecific defense against disease p366 Chemical and mechanical barriers Phagocytosis Natural killer cells Inflammation Fever Interferon
Immunity p Specific defense against disease Innate immunity Adaptive immunity: Develops after birth Maybe be acquired by natural or artificial means It may either be active or passive
Antigen p368 Any foreign substance that enters the body and induces an immune response. Antibody p369 A substance produced by the immune system in response to an antigen. Also called an immunoglobulin (Ig).
Antigen/antibody reaction p370 When an antibody encounters the antigen that it matches, the antibody binds to that antigen and inactivates it.
T cells p369 T cells: – Defend against cancer cells – Defend against certain viruses – Defend against pathogens that grow within cells – Are responsible for transplant rejection
B cells p369 B cells produce antibodies These antibodies protect against circulating antigens and bacteria that grow outside the cells. All antibodies are contained in a portion of the blood plasma called gamma globulin. Some antibodies produced by B cells provide long term immunity.
Complement: nonspecific proteins in blood p370 Coats foreign cells to help phagocytes recognize and engulf them Destroy cells by forming complexes that punch holes in plasma membranes Promote inflammation by increasing capillary permeability Attract phagocytes to an area of inflammation
Vaccines p 372 Can be made from live organisms or killed organisms. Attenuated organisms Toxoid Boosters
Disorders of the immune system p375 Allergy: hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis Autoimmunity: abnormal reactivity to one’s own tissues. Immune system attacks self, destroys healthy tissues/organs.
Immune deficiency diseases p376 HIV (retro virus): AIDS Multiple myeloma: cancer of blood forming cells in red bone marrow
Transplantation/Rejection syndrome p377 Every organism has a natural tendency to destroy foreign substances, including tissues from another person or any other animal. Tissue typing reduces the tissue differences Physicians give drugs to suppress the immune response in the tissue recipient.