 Math and Measurements:  Chemistry math is different from regular math in that in chemistry we use measurements and in math we use exact numbers. Because a measurement is never 100% accurate (because of sources of error), there is error to account for. In order to make sure that the answers to our mathematical problems are not more or less accurate than the measurement involved, we use sig figs.

 Precision vs. Accuracy  Precision: Ability to reproduce the same result. Error in precision (Random Error) occurs with poor technique  Accuracy: Ability to get the correct result. Error in accuracy (Systematic Error) occurs with poor instrument (calibration).

 Ex. A piece of metal is known to have a mass of g. When a student made three attempts to determine the mass of the metal, the following results were obtained: a) gb) gc) g  Are these results accurate, precise, or both?

 SI Units (Système International):  Remember that Units are important! SI Units are the units that are the most widely used units. SI Units are base units. This means all other units can be derived from the base SI Units.  Length- metre : m  Mass- kilogram: kg  Time- second: s  electric current- ampere: A  thermodynamic temperature- kelvin: K  amount of substance- mole: mol  luminous intensity- candela: cd

 How to Measure:  When measuring you always estimate one digit.  Example 1:  Example 2:

 Significant figures (sig figs) are the number of digits in a number or measurement that are meaningful. Sig figs are important in order to calculate answers to problems using measurements. Sig figs are used so that when you are performing calculations using measured values the answer is only as accurate as the measurements used.

 Sig figs rules: 1. All non-zero digits are significant. Ex. 384 has _______ sig figs 1. All zeros between non-zero digits are significant. Ex. 1,002 has ______ sig figs 1. Zeros before the first non-zero digit are not significant Ex has ______ sig figs 1. Zeros after the last non-zero digit may be significant (they are significant if the number has a decimal). Ex has _______ sig figsEx. 200 has ______ sig figs

 Note: If you want the zeros after the last non-zero digit to be significant, you should write the number in scientific notation. For example if 200 should have 3sig figs instead of 1, it should be written as 2.00 x 10 2

 Examples:  315=  305=  300=  300.=  0.135=  =  =  =

 Calculations with sig figs:  Adding and Subtracting with Sig Figs  When adding and subtracting, the answer will have the same number of decimals or places as the digit with the least number of decimals/places.  Examples:  =  =

 Multiplying and Dividing with Sig Figs  When multiplying and dividing with sig figs, the answer will have the same number of sig figs as the number in the question with the least number of sig figs.  Example:  x 0.10 =

 When combining multiplying/dividing with adding/subtracting  Use BEDMAS and do not round until the end (just keep track of the number of sig figs each number has using underlining of subscripts)  Example:  x

 Why don’t you round until the end? [( ) x (0.970x4.31)] x [(6.71x 5.98) / ( )] [ x ] x [ / ] x = =281 [( ) x (0.970x4.31)] x [(6.71x 5.98) / ( )] [5.71 x 4.18] x [40.1 / 3.41] 23.9 x 11.8 =282

 Work on the Assignment at the back of your booklet (pg 21/22)