THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR Chapter 28

The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S. and U.S.S.R. Control of postwar Europe (post 1945) – Russians occupied eastern Europe (buffer zone) creating satellite nations – U.S. demanded national self-determination (free elections) throughout Europe Economic aid – FDR denied Russia aid at the end of war (relations will sour) – Marshall Plan of 1948 (Russia refused aid) was developed to rebuild Europe (mostly Western Europe) Nuclear disarmament – 1946 USSR wanted immediate abolition while U.S. wanted gradual reduction (Baruch Plan-U.S. control over inspection of nuclear weapons in the world) – Soviets were working on developing nuclear capabilities

Containment A call for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies” – Truman Doctrine was to support free peoples who are resisting communism (Greece and Turkey) – An informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union and expansion of communism Development of NSA – Department of Defense unified armed forces – Central Intelligence Agency created – National Security Council advises president

Cold War Expands 1947: U.S.-Russian arms race accelerated – 1949: First Russian atomic bomb exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb development The Berlin Blockade – 1948: Russians blockade of Berlin – Truman ordered airlift to supply the city The Western Military Alliance – 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe

Conflict Expands into Asia 1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific 1949: Civil War in China leads to victory for Mao Tse-tung (communism) – Result in U.S. concentration on areas around China (Japan) 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea – War results into a stalemate keeping division at 38 th parallel – Result is U.S. military build up and concentration all over the world

The Loyalty Issue and McCarthyism House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated Communist subversion in government – Truman responded with loyalty program – Alger Hiss case Democrats blamed for – ”Losing" China to Communism – Russia's development of a hydrogen bomb 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign (Second Red Scare) – Innocent overwhelmed by accusations – 1954: Attack on Army discredited McCarthy who is then censured

The Election of 1952

The Republicans/Eisenhower in Power 1952: Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party – Ends Korean War Eisenhower “new look” policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks

Eisenhower Wages the Cold War Entanglement in Indochina – Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam over France – Vietnam divided 17 th parallel (election postponed to unite nation) – South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime Containing China – Tough line against China over Taiwan – Drove wedge between China, Russia Turmoil in the Middle East – Suez Canal Crisis (Egypt/Soviet Union vs. France/Britain/Israel/U.S.) – Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal

Use of Covert Actions Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives – Iran: CIA restored the shah to power after democratic election – Guatemala: CIA ousts leftist government – Eastern Europe: Refused to help East Germans or Hungarians

The Continuing Cold War October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis (Between Krushchev and Eisenhower) January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex Nuclear test ban treaty – U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere