EXPLORING MARRIAGES AND FAMILY, 2 ND EDITION Karen Seccombe © 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Families and the Work They Do

The Changing Dynamics of the Workplace Early America Trends in Child Labor Women’s Labor Force Participation The Changing Occupational Structure © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.1 Employment Status of Mothers 1975–2011, by Age of Youngest Child © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.2 Mother’s Employment by Age of Youngest Child by Race/Ethnicity © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.3 Attitudes Towards Working Mothers © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Life in a Recession Unemployment and Families Unstable Wages and Working Conditions –Living Wage: Wages that are above the federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the poverty line –Part-Time, Nonstandard, and Temporary Work © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 10.1 Unemployment Rates, November © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Life in a Recession –Nonstandard Work Schedules: Job schedules that are part-time, subcontracted, temporary in nature, occur at night, or offer irregular work schedules –Disposable Workforce The Threat of Losing Health Insurance –Medicaid: The federal-state health care program for eligible poor of all ages –Medicare: The federal health care program for the elderly © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 10.2 Average Cost of Health Insurance Premiums, for Single and Family Coverage, by Region of Country, 2012 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.4 Barriers to Health Care Among Nonelderly Adults by Insurance Status, 2011 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Work at Home The Division of Household Labor –Household Labor: In general, the unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or a home –Routine Household Labor: Nondiscretionary routine tasks that cannot be postponed, such as cooking, washing dishes, or cleaning © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Work at Home –Occasional Labor: Household tasks that are more time-flexible and more discretionary, such as household repairs, yard care, or paying bills Who Does What? Housework Who Does What? Childcare Renegotiating Family Work © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.5 The Amount of Weekly Hours That Men and Women, Mothers and Fathers Spend on Housework, 2011 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.6 Parents’ Childcare Time, 1965–2011 (hours per week) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 10.3 Weekly Leisure Time of Mothers and Fathers (in hours) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Work at Home Children’s Labor in the Home Explanations for the Gendered Division of Labor –Time-Availability Perspective: Suggests the division of labor is largely determined by: The need for household labor Each partner’s availability to perform household tasks © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Work at Home –Relative Resources Perspective: The greater the relative amount or value of resources contributed by a partner, the greater is his or her power within the relationship, which can then be translated into bargaining to avoid tasks such as housework that offer no pay and minimal social prestige –Gender Perspective (“Doing Gender”) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Juggling Work and Family Life Conflict, Overload, and Spillover –Work-Family Conflict: A form of tension under which people feel that the pressures from paid work and family roles are incompatible in some way –Role Overload: Feeling overwhelmed by many different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Juggling Work and Family Life –Spillover: An occurrence caused by the demands involved in one sphere of work carrying over into work in another sphere The Time Crunch Catch 22: Inflexible Full-Time Work or Part-Time Penalty © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.7 Percent Feeling Rushed © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 10.4 T he Preferred Work Status of Working Mothers © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who’s Minding the Kids? Preschool-Age Children –Daycare Centers: Nonresidential facilities that provide childcare –Family Childcare Providers: Private homes other than the child’s home where childcare is provided –Nannies/Babysitters: Non-relatives that provide childcare in the home © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who’s Minding the Kids? –Early childhood education and care (ECEC): An international term for daycare, preschool, and other programs to ensure that all children begin elementary school with basic skills and are ready to learn. School-Age Children –Self-Care: Children who are unsupervised and taking care of themselves Effects of Childcare on Children’s Well- Being © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 10.8 Primary Childcare Arrangements of Preschoolers with Employed Mothers, 2011 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 10.5 Range of Annual Childcare Costs for 2011 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.