Bio 185 Lab today: Bio185 K Lab1: 1:00 – 2:30 PM Bio 185 K Lab2: 2:30 – 4:00 PM SCC 211. Lab manual available in the bookstore.

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Presentation transcript:

Bio 185 Lab today: Bio185 K Lab1: 1:00 – 2:30 PM Bio 185 K Lab2: 2:30 – 4:00 PM SCC 211. Lab manual available in the bookstore.

Elemental Composition of living material:

Chapter 2 The nature of molecules. Elemental and molecular composition of living matter: 1. Elemental composition 2. Structure of an atom 3. Chemical bonds.

Lecture outline. 1. E LEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE LIVING MATTER. Major elements: N, O, C, H. Minor elements: Trace elements. 2. S TRUCTURE OF AN ATOM. Elements and atoms (SBM p27-31) 3. C HEMICAL BONDS. C HEMICAL BONDS (SMB P 32-36) ionic bonds and salts covalent bonds

Frequency of elements in the Earth’s crust

Elements Common in Living Things

EARTH’S CRUSTHUMANPUMPKIN Oxygen47 Oxygen65 Oxygen85 Silicon28 Carbon18 Hydrogen11 Aluminum8 Hydrogen10 Carbon3 Iron5 Nitrogen3 Potassium0 Calcium4 2 Nitrogen0 Sodium3 Phosphorus1 0 Potassium3 0 Calcium0 Magnesium2 Sulfur0 Magnesium0 Sodium0 Iron0 Chlorine0 Sodium0

Elemental composition of living material:

Chemical composition of living material: 1. Major elements (95%) O, H, C, N 2. Minor elements (5 %) Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, 3. Trace elements

Simple structure of an Atom.

electron proton neutron nucleus Atom number = # electrons = # protons Atom mass = # protons + # neutrons

Atom number determines chemical reactivity

Structure of the noble gas NEON Both the K (2 e-) and L (8 e-) are completely filled: the atom is unreactive.

Molecules: atoms are held together by chemical bonds.

Covalent bonds:

Ionic interactions:

The ‘octet’ rule : atoms tend to establish completely full (8 electrons) outer energy levels.

Chapter 2 The nature of molecules. Non-polar covalent bonds. Water is a dipole. pH and buffers.

Re-visit Covalent Bonds.

A pair of electrons is shared equally in a covalent bond. Single covalent bondDouble covalent bond

The force with which an atom pulls on a shared electron pair is given by its electronegativity. Non-polar covalent bond.

Polar covalent bond

Structure of a water molecule; water is a dipole.

Water is a DIPOLE

Hydrogen bonds:

Water molecules Butanol and water

Water is COHESIVE

Water’s high specific heat helps maintain temperature. Water’s high heat of vaporization facilitates cooling.

Cooling of a surface by transition from liquid to gas. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

Hydroxyl-group Carbonyl-group Hydrogen bond

Spheres of Hydration Around Two Charged Ions Salt (NaCl) dissolves in water and separates into Na + and Cl -

Hydration shell or water mantle

Water ionizes:

Buffer: maintains [H + ] free despite addition or removal of H +.

The End.

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