Presenter : Samina Sattar Palijo Post R/N BScN 1 st Semester 2015 Topic related to : Life Science Faculty: Ramesh Kumar New life college of nursing Date :

My Topic is: INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY

 Define immunity.  Classification of immunity.  Explain mechanism of innate or non-specific Immunity.  Briefing about specific or adaptive immunity.  Non specific innate or innate defenses.  First line of defense skin and mucous membranes.  Second line of defense internal defense.

Immunity The ability to resist infection and disease. Humans have two major types of defense mechanisms:  Innate (Non-specific) immunity  Adaptive (Specific) immunity

Immunity

– The ability to resist infection and disease Humans have two major types of defense mechanisms:  Innate (Non-specific) immunity  Adaptive (Specific) immunity

Nonspecific immunity (innate - immunity ) are the defenses that protect the body against any pathogen. Are not normally set up against any particular pathogen. Specific or Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen

Innate (Non-specific) immunity  are present at birth  defense responses that do not distinguish between one threat and another  include: physical barriers (e.g. skin), phagocyte cells (nutrophils, monocytes, macrophages),

 Mechanisms of non specific resistance include mechanical factors,  Antimicrobial protein,  Natural killer cells,  Phagocytes, Inflammation, and Fever.

 The skin and mucous membrane are the first lien of defense against entry of pathogens.  Natural killer cells and phagocyte attack and kill pathogens and defective cells in the body.

Inflammation aids disposal of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of an injury, and prepares the site for tissue repair. Fever intensifies the antiviral effects or interferon's, inhibits growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aids repair.

Adaptive (Specific) immunity protection against specifically identified threats (i.e. may defend against one particular bacterial infection) most develop after birth upon exposure to an antigen (Ag); Usually produce a state of long-term protection known as “specific resistance” or “acquired immunity”

depends on co-ordinated activity of T & B lymphocyte  B cells- defense against pathogens in body fluids (blood/lymph)

Although several mechanisms contribute to innate defenses or non-specific resistance to disease, they all have two things common. They are present at birth, and they offer immediate protection against a wide variety of pathogens, and foreign substances.

First line of defense: skin and mucous membrane. The skin and mucous membranes of the body are first line of defense against pathogens. Both physical and chemical barriers discourage pathogens and foreign substances from entering the body and causing disease. 1-Epidermis of skin Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of the microbes.

2-Saliva Saliva produce by the slivery glands, Washes microbes from surface of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth. 3-Urine The cleansing of the urethra by flow of urine, Washes microbes from urethra. 4-Defecation and vomiting Expel microbes from body.

5-Lysozyme an enzyme capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria. It is present in tears, saliva,nasal secretions, and tissue fluids. 6- Gastric Juice Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach 7-vaginal secretions Slight acidity discourages bacterial growth; flush microbes out of vagina.

8-Mucous membranes: Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin. 9-Mucous Traps Microbes in respiratory and Gastrointestinal tracts. 10-Hairs Filter out Microbes and dust in nose..

11-Cilia: Together with Mucous trap and remove Microbes and dust from upper Respiratory tract.. 12-Lacrimal Apparatus Tears dilute and wash away irritating substance and Microbes..

Second lien of defense: Internal Defenses. 1- Antimicrobial Proteins Blood and interstitial fluids contains three main types of antimicrobial proteins that discourage microbial growth. 2-Interference: Protect un infected host cells from viral infection. Lymphocytes macrophages and fibroblasts infected with viruses proteins called interference.

Once released by virus-infected cells, interference diffuse to un infected neighboring cells. Viruses can causes disease only if they can replicate within body cells. Interference are an important defense against infection by many different viruses.

3-COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: Causes cytolysis of microbes, promote phagocytosis, and contribute to inflammation. A group of normally inactive protein blood plasma and on plasma membranes makes up the complement system when activated these proteins complement are enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions.

3-Natural killer cells. Kill a wild variety of microbes and certain tumor cells. When microbes enters the skin and mucous membrane or bypass the antimicrobial proteins in blood, the next non specific defense consists of natural killer cells. About 5% to 10% of Lymphocytes in the blood are Natural Killer Cells.

4-Phagocytes: Ingest foreign particulate matter. Phagocytes are specialized cells Phagocytosis means ingestion of microbes or other particle such as cellular debris. The two major types of Phagocytes are Neutrophils and macrophages.

5- Inflammation: Confines and destroys microbes and initiate tissue repair. Inflammation is a non specific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage. Among the conditions that may produce the inflammation are phatogens abrasions, chemical irritation, disturbance of cells, and extreme temperatures.

6-Fever Intensifies the effects of interference, inhibits growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reaction that aid cells. Many bacterial toxins elevate body temperature.

Reference  Principles of anatomy and physiology 10 TH Edition by Tortora Grabowski