  1) Ideas: Observation and experimentation Scientists questioned traditional ideas about the universe 2) Nicolaus Copernicus- Mathematician/Astronomer The sun rather than the earth is the center of the universe Gaileo Galilei- Heliocentric Model Sir Issac Newton- Law of gravity Rene Descartes-Father of western philosophy Scientific Revolution

  3) John Locke- Natural rights/ Consent of the Governed  4) Montesquieu- Voltaire-Rousseau- ideas on government/ democracy  5) Causes of the French Revolution: Burden of taxation fell heavily on 3 rd estate Starts with Louis XVI calling the Estates General into session

  6) The effects of the French Revolution: Feelings of Nationalism increased 7) Taxes: 3 rd estate ( commoners) 8) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: Rights of man universal Valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law

  9) Robespierre and Napoleon are similar: Increased their power during the French Revolution  10) Monarchy in the 16 th and 17 th centuries: Centralized government authority 11) Objectives of mercantilism: Establish colonies for trade benefits

  12) Otto Von Bismarck was able to unify Germany because of nationalism  13) Causes of the Industrial Revolution: Agricultural Revolution, natural resources, and technological changes 14) Effect of the Industrial Revolution: growth of middle class

  15) The literature that criticized the capitalist system “ Communist Manifesto” by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 16) Difference between a market and command economy: Market Economy- not organized by a central authority and is determined by supply and demand Command Economy- organized by government officials who direct the factors of production

  17) The Mongols and British were able to expand their empires through knowledge and command of advanced technologies  18) The cultures that fought over control of land in South Africa : British and Boer  19) China and Japan were opened to trade : Open Door/ Spheres of Influence/ Commodore Matthew Perry

  20) Boxer Rebellion- opposition to foreign influence in China  21) Karl Marx- classless society/ profits from work should belong to the workers  22) Adam Smith- Laissez faire  23) Berlin Conference – divided up Africa

  24) Opium Wars- dispute over British trade in China  Result: China divided into spheres of influence  25) Railroads emerged to promote the factory system and urbanization  26) Urbanization- population shift from rural to urban areas

  27) Laissez-faire “hands off” government non- interference  28) Goal of the Sepoy Mutiny- Rid country of foreigners  29) Industrialization encouraged in 19 th century Japan- building modern transportation system

  30) Political goals of Giuseppe Garibaldi- Unify nation  31) “ White Man’s Burden” used to justify imperialism : Social Darwinism  32) Purpose of Congress of Vienna- Establish a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon