Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter The Realities of Rural America 15
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Realities of Rural America Modernizing Agriculture The West Resolving the Native American Question The New South Farm Protest Conclusion: Farming in the Industrial Age
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Modernizing Agriculture
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Modernizing Agriculture Most farms still small family farms Bonanza wheat farms Northern plains Large-scale Machinery, hundreds of workers,managers Farmers losing their dominance 1860 – 60% of labor force 1900 – less than 37%
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana A Vision of the Lackawanna Valley
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Agriculture and the World Europe industrializing Demand for food supplies Farming methods German experimentation Land-grant colleges – Morill Act Transportation improvements
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Agriculture and the World (cont'd) Farms increasingly tied to larger economies Europeans ban American pork imports, 1870s Wheat prices fall when other countries compete
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Agriculture Machinery brings indebtedness Large crops sometimes bring gluts Prices fall Farmers sometimes then increase production
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The West
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turner Claimed the end of the frontier Saw the American experience as unique Gave a special place to frontier farmers Yet frontier had been avoided by farmers
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Cattleman’s West, Cattle raising from earliest Spanish settlements Railroads transform cattle raising Huge cattle ranches, 1870s-1889s Pay well Arrival of farmers changes things
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Cattleman’s West, (cont'd) Other factors Over production Poor weather, 1886
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farmers on the Great Plains Railroad promote the west Settlement boom, Most from Illinois, Iowa, Missouri Family groups Homestead Act 160 acres, five years But less desirable land
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farmers on the Great Plains (cont'd) Better land from railroads or land companies
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Domestic Work in the West
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana 1880s-1890s Barbed wire, binders, steel windmills Boom ends around 1890 By 1900, two-thirds of homestead farms failed Long-term ecological impact
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Natural Environment of the West
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Cornucopia on the Pacific Farming Monopolized by large farms 1,000 acres and more the norm Dependent on water Fruits at first not profitable Refrigerated cars made it possible
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Mining West Rapid growth spurred by mining Marked by boom and bust Not individual miners, but large companies Difficulties of mining radicalizes many miners
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Natural Resources Wood required in huge quantities Streams disturbed Timber and Stone Act Land purchased through dummy owners Public domain land to corporate lands Early naturalists, such as John Muir Yosemite National Park Sierra Club
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Natural Resources (cont'd) Gifford Pinchot Management, not preservation
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Resolving the Native American Question
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Resolving the Native American Question High mortality among Indians in California 90% from Plains Indians Way of life disrupted by migration of Gold Rush Indian involvement in Civil War punished
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Resolving the Native American Question (cont'd) Sand Creek Massacre begins period of warfare Worsened by transcontinental railroad
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Tribal View Broken promises of protection, lands Destruction of buffalo Dawes Act, 1887 Attempt to cut tribal bonds Land for leaving tribes
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Native Americans, 1850–1896
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Ghost Dance Wovoka Promise of greater strength, survival No threat, but perceived as one Wounded Knee Creek, 1890 Slaughter by American Army
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Harper’s Weekly
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Two Runaways
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New South
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New South Push for new economic direction Opportunity for northern capitalists Birmingham, Memphis, Augusta Industrialization But still dependent on the North Few southern corporations Per capita income lower than elsewhere
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New South (cont'd) Cotton makes economy subject to other markets Decline in cotton prices in late 1800s Credit purchases bring indebtedness Inability to change direction
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Nadir of Black Life Conditions worsen as the century progresses Abandoned by Republican party, courts Civil rights laws not upheld Southern state constitutions disenfranchise blacks Grandfather clauses, white primaries, poll taxes, literacy tests
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Nadir of Black Life (cont'd) Segregation “Jim Crow” laws Plessy v. Ferguson Lynchings
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Lynching
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Diverging Black Responses Separatism T. Thomas Fortune, Afro-American League Lobbying to make Oklahoma all-black International Migration Society – Liberia W.E.B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk, 1903
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Diverging Black Responses (cont'd) Many follow Booker T. Washington “Atlanta Compromise”, 1895 Countered by Du Bois
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farm Protest
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Grange The Order of the Patrons of Husbandry The National Grange Cooperatives Worked against railroad rate structures Achievements “Granger laws” setting rate ceilings Railroad commissions
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Grange (cont'd) Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 Goal: regulation of railroads Interstate Commerce Commission
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Southern Farmers’ Alliance Grange declines in 1870s Southern Farmers’ Alliance Lectures, large organization Broad agenda Colored Farmers’ Alliance, 1888
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Southern Farmers’ Alliance (cont'd) The Ocala Platform, 1890 Attacked both parties Direct election of members of Congress Graduated income tax Regulation of transportation, communication
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farm Protest: The People’s Party Populist Party formed, 1892 Omaha demands Direct democracy Labor reform Graduated income tax Silver coinage Election of 1892 Weaver carries 4 states – 22 electoral votes
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Farming in the Industrial Age
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Farming in the Industrial Age Extension of farming Disastrous for Native Americans Sense of accomplishment for white settlers Use of collective action New groups in political forums Dislocations Many move to cities
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Timeline