Environment and Security A Cultural Theory Perspective By Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit

Social Sciences serving which solidarity? Liberal Economics serves individual market interests Law serves procedural interests of hierarchic bureaucracies, national and international Anthropology is of interest to the critical solidarity of activist egalitarians ‘International Relations’ has the nation state as the unit of analysis and has difficulties in sub- national or trans-national levels

Why a new social science approach? Development hijacked “Sustainability” nebulous

Why not replace “sustainable development” with “security”? Whose security? How do different solidarities perceive their security?

Institutional Environments and Their Cosmologies ConscriptedHierarchical Myth of Nature: Capricious Strategy: Coping Vision: Day-to-day Myth of Nature: within Limits Strategy: Control Vision: Practical Risk Averse - GROUP+ GROUP IndividualisticEgalitarian/Communard (Weak Affinity/Unfettered Competition)(Strong Affinity/Fettered Competition) Myth of Nature: Capricious Strategy: Freedom Vision: Risk Taking Myth of Nature: Fragile/Ephenmeral Strategy: Alarm Strategy: Millenial Lim its (Strong Ascription/Inequality) + GRID - GRID Sources: 1. Mary Douglas 1992 “Risk and Blame”; Routledge, London. 2. Michael Thompson, Aaron Wildavsky and Richard Ellis 1990 “Cultural Theory”; Westview, Boulder, Colorado. MA NA GE C O M M O DI TI Z E TA BO O C O PE ISOLATE HERMIT

Order and Disjunctions Development Input (Foreign Aid) Government Rule of Law Equitable and Just Tax Transparent Exercise of Power Real Phantom Rule of Individuals Rent Seeking State Conspiratorial Exercise of Power Government runs inefficient “crony capitalism” business. Phantom Market prevails Government monopolizes Social Service State feels threat from independent NGOs Uncontested Terrain Contested Terrain of Human Choice Market Real (Competitive)Phantom (Distorted) Sufficient Players Equal Information Level Playing Field Monopolies Exchange Control and Multiple Rates License Raj (Tariffs, Quotas, Permits) Formal/Informal Divide Civil Society GenuinePhantom Fiscal Transparency Diversity of Trustees Degree of Voluntariness Fronts for Business and Politics Modesty in Operating Expenses