STATES OF MATTER Self Study

CHANGES IN STATE Four states of matter video clip: click hereclick here

PHASE DIAGRAM Book video clip: click hereclick here

Phase Diagram MELTING FREEZING CONDENSATION VAPORIZAITON SUBLIMATION TRIPLE POINT

WHAT WORD DESCRIBES MOTION OR MOVEMENT ENERGY?

KINETIC ENERGY All matter’s particles are in constant motion

State of Matter is determined by Particle arrangement Energy of particles Distance b/w particles

KINETIC THEORY: SOLIDS Atoms are vibrating on a fixed point in a solid

TYPES OF SOLIDS Book video clip: click hereclick here

Amorphous Solid Has no organized internal structure Rubber Plastic Glass Asphalt Cotton Candy

COMPOUNDS WITH THE HIGHEST MELTING POINTS ARE….

Melting Points Strongest ( highest): Ionic Bonding Hydrogen Bonding Dipole-Dipole Lowest ( weakest) Dispersion

1. Ionic : strongest bond Bond kept together by…. Crystalline structure

Covalent Compounds have three interactions( intermolecular forces) that keep them together….

2. Hydrogen Bonding strongest covalent Highest MP & BP of covalent Hydrogen attracted to: N itrogen O xygen F luorine

3. Dipole-Dipole [polar]  - end attracted /// to  + end of another

4. Dispersion [nonpolar] weakest -a dipole is induced -lowest MP & BP interaction Induced  + Induced  -

KINETIC THEORY: LIQUIDS Particles are not bound together in fixed positions, but there is still some attractive forces keeping them close during movement.

Fluidity Particles flow, slide over each other

Viscosity

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Book clip: clip hereclip here

Gas Particles Assumption #1: Have a small volume Far apart from each other Independent : No attractive or repulsive forces

Gas Particles Assumption #2: Move: Rapid Independent Random Straight paths Only  direction when rebounding

Gas Particles Assumption #3 When particles collide, there collisions are elastic: no loss of energy it is transferred between the particles

GAS PRESSURE Force exerted when gas particles collide: click here click here

Pressure Units SI unit : Pascal (Pa) ▫ Sea level: kPa Millimeters of Mercury: mm Hg ▫ blood pressure Atmospheres: atm ▫ Atmospheric pressure Torr Pounds per Square Inch: PSI ▫ Tire pressure, scuba diving Bar ▫ Atmospheric pressure

Conversions of Pressure 1 atm = 760 mmHg = kPa 1 torr = 1 mm Hg 1 atm = 14.7 PSI 1 bar = 1 atm

VACUUM no gas particles = no collisions = NO PRESSURE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Gas particles in Air colliding in earth’s atmosphere

Elevation and Atmospheric Pressure ↑ Elevation = ↓ Atmospheric Pressure b/c less gas particles =less collisions =  P Sea Level more gas particles = more P

More gas particles = More collisions= More pressure

EVAPORATION VS CONDENSATION Eureka video clip: click hereclick here

EVAPORATION Video Clip: Click hereClick here

EQUILIBRIUM Book clip: click hereclick here

Evaporation/ Condensation Equilibrium

Evaporation/ Condensation Dynamic Equilibrium

Boiling Liquid has enough HEAT/ENERGY to overcome the External Pressure Vapor Pressure = External Pressure

BOILING Video clip: click hereclick here

to make something boil added Energy/Heat is addedOr EXTERNAL changed the EXTERNAL pressure is changed

Affect of  Temp on Contained Liquid  KE of particles  particle collisions  VP This why a tea kettle whistles

Elevation and BP

Pressure Cooker High Externa l Pressure Creates a High Externa l Pressure   a bubble of vapor can’t form unless  KE=  T   BP is  = hotter liquid= shorter cooking time

TEMPERATURE Video clip: click hereclick here

MEASURING TEMPERATURE Eureka video clip: click hereclick here

TEMPERATURE Movement of particles

ABSOLUTE ZERO (0 K) No movement of particles

ABSOLUTE ZERO (0 K) Video Clip: Click hereClick here

KINETIC ENERGY  TEMPERATURE  Kinetic Energy ↑ the Temp ↑

REMEMBER: K =273 +  C  F = (9/5  C) + 32

EXPLORING HEAT Video clip: click hereclick here

APPLICATION

Distillation A homogenous mixture of liquids, a solution, can be separated using the knowledge that: every substance has a unique boiling point all gasses can condense

Distillation

PLASMA IN A BOTTLE Video Clip: click hereclick here

WEATHER Video clip: Click hereClick here

SCUBA Video Clip: click hereclick here

NITROGEN NARCOSIS Video Clip: click hereclick here