1. States of Matter

2. Kinetic Theory
Tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion
A gas is composed of particles that are positioned far away from one another. Between particles is empty space and no forces attract or repel between the particles
Particles move in constant random motion
All collisions are perfectly elastic

4. Gas Pressure
The force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object.
Air exerts pressure on Earth because gravity hold air molecules in Earth’s atmosphere
Vacuum = if there are no gas particles present, there cannot be any collisions, and there is no pressure

5. Measuring Pressure Barometers measure atmospheric pressure
SI unit is pascal (Pa): sea level is kPa
mmHg: sea level is 760 mmHg
Standard atmosphere: sea level is 1 atm
101.3kPa = 760mmHg = 1atm

7. Liquids
Liquids are able to flow like gases. However, the particles in a liquid are attracted to each other by intermolecular forces
Most particles do not have enough kinetic energy to escape into a gaseous state

9. Vaporization Conversion of liquid to a gas vapor
Evaporation occurs at the surface when the object isn’t boiling
Molecules must have a high enough kinetic energy to become a gas

10. Vapor Pressure Force of gas above a liquid
When liquids are in a closed container and evaporated, the gas will eventually exert enough pressure that the rate of evaporation will equal the rate of condensation

11. Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equal to the external pressure

12. Solids Particles in solids vibrate around fixed points.
They are packed together in highly organized patterns

14. Melting Point The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
The vibrations are strong enough to overcome the interactions that hold them in fixed positions

15. Unit Cell Solids form crystalline shapes
The smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains the geometric shape of the crystal is known as a unit cell

16. Allotropes
Two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state

17. Diamond
Graphite
Buckyball

18. Amorphous Solids Solids that lack ordered internal structures
Also called super cooled liquids
Rubber, plastic, asphalt, glass

19. Phase Diagrams
Gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as solid, liquid, and gas
Triple point is the point where all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one another

21. Sublimation
The change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state
Solids have vapor pressure
Dry Ice