Protons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom Have a positive charge Neutrons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom Are neutral; have no charge Electrons move in energy levels outside of the nucleus Have a negative charge Nucleus contains both protons and neutrons and most of the atoms mass Have a positive charge

The columns are called groups or families. Groups have similar physical and chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons

Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue.

The rows are called periods. They tell you how many energy levels an atom has

What is the energy level of Nickel, Ni?

What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni? 4—it is in the row numbered 4

Using the SOL Periodic Table Click on the link to get the SOL periodic tableSOL periodic table Keep this Adobe file open as you work on the review Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon 8 th Grade SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 8 th Grade SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 8 th grade SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. What is the atomic mass of Silicon? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. What is the atomic mass of Silicon? grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table) Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

8 th grade SOL Review—Atomic Structure What are Valence electrons? # Valence = Group Number for Groups 1 & 2 for Groups subtract 10

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Valence electron configuration and the periodic table How many valence electrons does Lithium have? (Group 1)

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Valence electron configuration and the periodic table How many valence electrons would Boron have? (Group 13)

12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 C Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons

12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 C Isotopes: elements with the same mass, the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 C Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons Carbon-13 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons Carbon 14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons

Development of the Atomic Model Thompson Model Thompson Model Thompson Model Thompson Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Bohr Model Bohr Model Bohr Model Bohr Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure The problems of language here are really serious. We wish to speak in some way about the structure of the atoms. But we cannot speak about atoms in ordinary language. Heisenberg

Thompson Model The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass with negatively charged electrons stuck in it. The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass with negatively charged electrons stuck in it. From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Rutherford Model The atom is made of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of the volume of the atom is empty space. The atom is made of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of the volume of the atom is empty space. Alpha particles shot at a thin sheet of gold foil: most go through (empty space). Some deflect or bounce off (small + charged nucleus). From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Bohr Model Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue. From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Electron Cloud Model Electron energy levels are wave functions. Electron energy levels are wave functions. Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where an electron is most likely to be found. Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where an electron is most likely to be found. You can’t know both where the electron is and where it is going at the same time. You can’t know both where the electron is and where it is going at the same time. Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head. Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head. From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint 8 th Grade SOL Review—Atomic Structure