2. Protons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom Have a positive charge
Neutrons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom
Are neutral; have no charge
Electrons move in energy levels outside of the nucleus
Have a negative charge
Nucleus contains both protons and neutrons and most of the atoms mass

3. The columns are called groups or families
The columns are called groups or families. Groups have similar physical and chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons

4. Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue.

5. Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue. Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth metals, Halogens, and Noble or Inert Gases.

6. The rows are called periods
The rows are called periods. The period number matches the principle energy level of the element. This will be the principle energy level of the valence electrons.

7. What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni?

8. What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni? 4—it is in the row numbered 4

9. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Click on the link to get the SOL periodic table
Keep this Adobe file open as you work on the review
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon

10. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have?

11. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
An s orbital holds 2 electrons w/ opposite spins

12. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Each p orbital holds 2e- with opposite spins

13. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Each d orbital holds 2e- with opposite spins

14. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The orbitals and the periodic table
The s suborbital fills

15. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The orbitals and the periodic table
The p suborbitals fill

16. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The orbitals and the periodic table
The d suborbitals fill

17. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
All group 13 elements have the valance electron configuration ns2np1.and 3 valence electrons

18. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
All group 15 elements have the valance electron configuration ns2np3.and 5 valance electrons.

19. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration of the halogens?

20. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Atomic Radius: the radius of an atom in picometers
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another element.

21. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Atomic Radius: the radius of an atom in picometers

22. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.
Ionization energy increases as you move to higher number groups. Group 18 has the highest 1st ionization energy.
Ionization energy decreases as you move down the periodic table.

23. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.

24. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another element.
The halogen group has the highest electronegativity of the families. The first period has the highest electronegativity. Noble gases do not have electronegativity as the valence shell is already full.

26. Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Cations form by losing valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)

27. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Cations form by losing valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
So Li loses the 2s1 electron to form Li+1.
Mg loses both 3s2 electrons to form Mg+2
Al loses three electrons from 3s23p1 to form Al+3

28. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Anions form by gaining valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
So F becomes F1- by gaining a 2p electron to have the new valance configuration 2s22p6.
S becomes S2- by gaining two 2p electrons to have the new valance configuration 3s23p6.
N becomes N3- by gaining three 2p electrons to have the new valance configuration 2s22p6.

29. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. 12 6 C 13 14
Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons

30. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Isotopes: elements with the same mass, the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. 12 6 C 13 14
You figure out the average atomic mass of a compound by using a weighted average of the mass number for each isotope.
Example: a sample contains 10% C-13, 60% C-12 and 40% C-14. The average atomic mass is
(0.10 x 13) + (0.60 x 12) + (0.30 x 14) = 12.7

31. Radioactivity
Radioactivity: Spontaneous changes in a nucleus accompanied by the emission of energy from the nucleus as a radiation.
Radioactive Half-Life: A period of time in which half the nuclei of a species of radioactive substance would decay.

32. Alpha radiation
Alpha radiation is the least penetrating. It can be stopped - or absorbed - by just a sheet of paper.
Beta radiation
Beta radiation can penetrate air and paper. It can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum.
Gamma radiation
Gamma radiation is the most penetrating. Even small levels can penetrate air, paper or thin metal. Higher levels can only be stopped by many centimeters of lead or many meters of concrete.

33. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Development of the Atomic Model
Thompson Model
Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model
Bohr Model
Quantum-Mechanical Model
The problems of language here are really serious. We wish to speak in some way about the structure of the atoms. But we cannot speak about atoms in ordinary language.
Heisenberg

34. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Thompson Model
The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass with negatively charged electrons stuck in it.
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint

35. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Rutherford Model
The atom is made of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of the volume of the atom is empty space.
Alpha particles shot
at a thin sheet of gold
foil: most go through
(empty space). Some
deflect or bounce off
(small + charged
nucleus).
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint

36. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Bohr Model
Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue.
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint

37. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Quantum-Mechanical Model
Electron energy levels are wave functions.
Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where an electron is most likely to be found.
You can’t know both where the electron is and where it is going at the same time.
Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head.
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint