Latest developments in drug trafficking and abuse: countermeasures in reducing drug abuse At the Seminar and Legislative Public Hearing on the Bill on the Treatment and Protection of Drug Addicts Hosted by the Drug-Related Criminology Institute of Korea Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13 June 2005

Global Seizures

Illicit Opium and Heroin Production

The Golden Triangle 1993: 192,840 ha 2004: 50,800 ha 3/4 decline

Opium Poppy Cultivation in the Golden Triangle 50, , %

Opium Cultivation in Afghanistan in Hectares ( )

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) Methamphetamine Amphetamine MDMA and its analogues (Ecstasy)

Guangdong Fujian Hong Kong Primary ATS trafficking routes in South East Asia

Diversion from Illicit Channels into Illicit Trafficking: Increasingly important source of illicit supply  Stimulants:- amfepramone (1971 Convention) - methylphenidate - phentermine - pemoline  Sedatives:- chlordiazepoxide (1971 Convention) - diazepam - flunitrazepam - nitrazepam - temazepam - other benzodiazepines  Analgesics:- buprenorphine (1971 Convention) - codeine (1961 Convention) - hydrocodone (1961 Convention) - oxycodone (1961 Convention)

Cyber Trafficking Increasing supply of internationally controlled drugs through illegal supply via Internet pharmacies: Mostly psychotropic substances – Significant quantities of internationally controlled drugs seized in USA, India and Thailand

Situation which faces the Republic of Korea

Prevention and Education Drug education should start at an early age. Long term perspective is needed. Knowledge-, value-, and skill-oriented.

Treatment and rehabilitation International drug control treaties Increasing interest in treating drug abuse All forms of drug abuse to be treated

Importance of treatment Existence of treatment Offers the possibility of recovery, hope Clear statement that the individual is worth helping, and not rejected by society

The Aim of Treatment To help the drug dependent to lead a full life, integrated into society To address the fluctuating nature of the condition, i.e., resumption of drug taking

Relapse treatment Clear evidence base that drug treatment is cost effective. A good proportion do become drug free.

What are DTCs? Courts that aim to stop drug abuse and related criminal activity of offenders through court- directed treatment and rehabilitation programs Drug Treatment Courts (DTCs) – An Alternative to Penal Sanctions

DTC – a Growing Movement Worldwide Courts applying key principles for court-directed treatment and rehabilitation programmes* operate or are under consideration in: Australasia: Australia, New Zealand Americas & Caribbean: Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, United States Europe: Norway, Scotland, Ireland * See UNODC’s Expert Working Group Report on DTC best practice 1999, chapter 3, para 50:

DTC in the Criminal Justice System as an Alternative to Punishment Drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation programmes have proven to: - Reduce overcrowding in prisons; - Increase community services and safety; - Promote a medical/health oriented paradigm through which drug users can be assisted with their addiction instead of being punished.

Presentation by Mr. Akira Fujino Representative UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific