1. Drug Trafficking and Abuse - Impediments to development Akira Fujino United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

4. Shanghai, 1909

5. Early days 1920s-30s

6. Century of Drug Control
BACKGROUND
19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China;
morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin
: Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA
RESPONSE
1909: Shanghai Conference – International Opium Commission
1912: The Hague: First International Opium Convention
: International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations
3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936)
International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations
1948: Protocol (synthetic opioids)
1953: Opium Protocol
1961: Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972)
1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1988: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances
1998: UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand Reduction

7. Related UN Agencies Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
(CCPCJ)
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
(CND)
International Narcotics Control Board
(INCB)
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC)

8. Opiates
Opium
Morphine
Heroin

9. Cannabis
CANNABIS

10. Coca/Cocaine

11. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
(ATS)
Methamphetamine
Amphetamine
Ecstacy

12. Precursor chemicals

13. Opiates

14. Golden
Triangle

15. Myanmar – Thailand border

16. Global opium production, 1990-2010

17. Global heroin flows of Asian origins

18. Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan

19. Balkan Route and Northern Route
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

20. Cocaine

21. Coca in the Andean region
Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha)
81,000 ha
-18%
56,100 ha
+4%
Potential cocaine production, 2008
(845 tons)
30,500 ha
+6%

22. Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

23. Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)

24. Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes
Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.

25. Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar
Also in the Americas.

26. Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Fiji 2004

27. N Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Indonesia - 2005 Gates Factory
Chimneys
Chemical
Storage
Area
Main Road
Gates
Undercover
Agents live
here for 6 months
Factory
Barracks
Break
Office
Prayer and
Break Area N

28. New Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine

30. Precursor chemicals

31. Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture

32. Early cases of precursors used in illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
P P and 3,4 - MDP P
UNITED
KINGDOM
CANADA
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
MEXICO
GUATEMALA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
GERMANY
YUGOSLAVIA
ALBANIA
NETHERLANDS
CHIINA
INDIA
MYANMAR
HONG KONG
SAR OF China
INDONESIA
AUSTRALIA

33. Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow

34. Seizures of precursor chemicals
Acetic anhydride

35. Way forward

36. Cultivation and Insurgency
Cultivation of opium poppy
Insurgency in the South of the country
Major activities of the Taliban
2008

37. Sustainable Alternative Development
Farmers do not gain
Opium Addiction
high in areas of opium poppy cultivation
increased poverty level
Agricultural development for food security
Temperate & cash crops
Live stocks
Non-agricultural activities
Development of micro credit/ revolving funds
Construction of irrigation system
Education
Health
Domestic & international marketing - Value added
Ref Afghanistan - Balkh Province

38. TARCET

39. Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: late 1990s and 2008
Trafficking – abuse follows

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