 Clones are organisms that have the same genetic makeup  Each organism’s DNA is nearly identical

 Single-celled organisms that use the process of asexual reproduction create clones Ex: some bacteria  Animals can clone when a fertilized egg splits to create to create 2 or more embryos that carry almost the exact DNA Ex: Identical twins

 Artificial embryo twinning  Somatic cell nuclear transfer

 Artificial embryo twinning is similar to natural cloning  It is the same process but done manually  Egg cells can be flushed out of the genetic mother and fertilized in a lab or..  Eggs can be fertilized and then flushed out

 For example, if there is a cow with desirable traits, she can be treated with hormones to make her ovulate more  The eggs are flushed out and then artificially split  Each split embryo is placed into a different surrogate mother to create identical clones

 It is a laboratory technique for creating an ovum with a donor nucleus  It can be used in stem cell research  It can be used in regenerative medicine where it is called "therapeutic cloning"

 The process requires 2 types of cells: a somatic cell and an egg cell  Somatic cell- any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells  Egg cell- female reproductive cell(gamete)

1. The nucleus is removed from an egg cell 2. The somatic cell from the desired donor is then inserted in the egg cell 3. The two cells are then fused together with electricity 4. The new egg cell then has the same DNA as its donor 5. New egg can be stimulated to make it divide

6. After about a week, the new egg will develop into a blastocyst 7. Blastocyst- an embryo in the development stage prior to being implanted into host 8. The embryo can then be placed into a surrogate mother 9. Mother will carry the animal for a full pregnancy term and give birth as normal 10. New animal will be an exact replica of the original donor

 1885 was the first year cloning became an idea to study  Dreisch was the first to study  He demonstrated artificial embryo twinning with sea urchins, which could regrow when pulled apart

 First mammal ever cloned was Dolly the sheep  She was create by 2 men named Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell  They used SCMT process  The purpose of her cloning was to research for medical purposes to advance with stem cell research and human cloning

 Dolly was almost an exact replica of her mother  Dolly mitochondria came from surrogate mother  Dolly and her mother has the same DNA and genetic makeup  The success in creating the clone Dolly, has opened up many doors for future cloning studies  Dolly lived for 6 years

Actual picture of Dolly the sheep

 When creating Dolly, They tried 277 cell fusions They had 29 cell embryos develop and implanted into 13 surrogate mothers Dolly was the only success

Cloning is creating an organism with the same genetic makeup as a donor. There are a few different ways cloning exists. The study of cloning can help to create desired animals or cells.

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