Biology 102 Gene Regulation and Expression Part 2.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Transcription and Translation

Advertisements

Molecular Genetics DNA RNA Protein Phenotype Genome Gene

Cell Division, Genetics, Molecular Biology

Cell Division, Genetics, Molecular Biology

Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA  RNA  protein  The sequence of codons in DNA spells out the primary structure of a polypeptide.

From DNA to Protein.

6.3 Translation: Synthesizing Proteins from mRNA

 Assemble the DNA  Follow base pair rules  Blue—Guanine  Red—Cytosine  Purple—Thymine  Green--Adenine.

From gene to protein. DNA:nucleotides are the monomers Proteins: amino acids are the monomers DNA:in the nucleus Proteins:synthesized in cytoplasm.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

8.4 DNA Transcription 8.5 Translation

Protein Synthesis The genetic code – the sequence of nucleotides in DNA – is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins – gene.

Activate Prior Knowledge

RNA carries DNA’s instructions.

Fig. 12-2, p.187. Fig. 12-5, p.190 Fig. 12-6, p nanometer diameter overall 0.34-nanometer distance between each pair of bases 3.4-nanometer length.

Protein Translation From Gene to Protein Honors Biology Ms. Kim.

Transcription Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA. Transcription of a gene starts from a region of DNA known as the promoter.

Hemophilia- Caused by a defect in a single gene cannot produce all the proteins necessary for blood clotting Depend on expensive injections of clotting.

Protein Synthesis: Translation Making the Protein from the Code.

CFE Higher Biology DNA and the Genome Translation.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS THE FORMATION OF PROTEINS USING THE INFORMATION CODED IN DNA WITHIN THE NUCLEUS AND CARRIED OUT BY RNA IN THE CYTOPLASM.

General Biology Notes TRANSLATION A.K.A. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Central Dogma DNA  RNA  Protein. …..Which leads to  Traits.

Protein Synthesis The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in 2 steps: 1. Transcription (DNA---> RNA) 2. Translation.

How Are Genes & Proteins Related?

Protein Synthesis Process that makes proteins

Transcription & Translation Transcription DNA is used to make a single strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA base pairs. The enzyme used is.

12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Protein Synthesis Recombinant DNA Technology.

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA and Translation Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein Approx 25,000 human genes Proteins are used to build cells and tissue Protein.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor,

Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.

Transcription & TranslationNovember , 2012 W ARM U P … What are the differences between DNA & RNA?

Gene Expression. Central Dogma Information flows from: DNA  RNA  Protein Exception: reverse transcriptase (retroviruses) RNA  DNA  RNA  Protein.

DNA Transcription & Protein Translation. DNA Transcription DNA must be copied to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus mRNA travels from nucleus to the.

Protein Synthesis AS Biology. Protein synthesis pg DNA unwinds 2. mRNA copy is made of one of the DNA strands. 3. mRNA copy moves out of nucleus.

A process designed to create proteins..  What template is being used to create our protein sequence?  Where is translation taking place?  What types.

Translation. tRNA acceptor site of amino acid tyrosine Anticodon arm Anticodon: recognizes the codon of the mRNA. The recognition is facilitated by complementing.

Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9 Gene Expression and Regulation.

8.5 Translation KEY CONCEPT Translation converts an mRNA message into a protein.

Step 2 of protein synthesis: Translation “The players” 1.Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Folded into three-lobed shape (clover-like)  At one lobe, resides an anticodon.

The Central Theme of Molecular Biology is Protein Synthesis Step I: Going from DNA to RNA called Transcription Step II: Going from RNA to Protein called.

TRANSLATION. Cytoplasm Nucleus DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein.

CHAPTER 10 “HOW PROTEINS ARE MADE”. Learning Targets  I will compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.  I will summarize the process of transcription.

Gene Expression How proteins are made.. what monomers make up proteins? what monomers make up nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)? WORKTOGETHERWORKTOGETHER.

Lesson 4- Gene Expression PART 2 - TRANSLATION. Warm-Up Name 10 differences between DNA replication and transcription.

Protein Synthesis 12 Biology. Protein synthesis 1. DNA unwinds 2. mRNA copy is made of one of the DNA strands. 3. mRNA copy moves out of nucleus into.

Gene Expression II. Translation Overview Conversion of triplet code into polypeptide Takes place at ribosome in cytoplasm Involves all 3 types of RNA.

Protein Synthesis.

Gene Expression Continued

Triplet code Codon = 3 mRNA bases =codon chart…use mRNA to code

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.

Amino Acid Activation And Translation.

Biology Chapter 10 Section 1 Part 2

8.5 Key Concept: Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.

Transcription Steps to Transcribe DNA:

RNA - TRANSLATION.

Unit 7: Molecular Genetics

GENE EXPRESSION / PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.

Higher Biology Unit 1: 1.3 Translation.

Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.

Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.

DNA and the Genome Key Area 3c Translation.

Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.

Gene Expression How proteins are made..

Protein Synthesis.

Presentation transcript:

Biology 102 Gene Regulation and Expression Part 2

Lecture outline 1.Translation Review of what translation is Review of what translation is Types of RNA and their functions Types of RNA and their functions Overview of translation Overview of translation Details of translation Details of translation 2.Information flow through cell

Review: Information Flow DNA=>mRNA=>Protein

12 catalytic site tRNA docking sites Attached amino acid Transfer RNA Small subunit Ribosome contains rRNA mRNA Large subunit C A G A U G G A G U U A U G G mRNA A G U Met anticodon Three Types of RNA (review)

Translation: An Overview

Translation: Initiation A tRNA with an attached methionine amino acid binds to a small ribosomal subunit, forming an initiation complex. A tRNA with an attached methionine amino acid binds to a small ribosomal subunit, forming an initiation complex.

Translation: Initiation (2) The initiation complex binds to end of mRNA and travels down until it encounters an AUG codon in the mRNA. The initiation complex binds to end of mRNA and travels down until it encounters an AUG codon in the mRNA. The anticodon of the tRNA in the initiation complex forms base pairs with the AUG codon. The anticodon of the tRNA in the initiation complex forms base pairs with the AUG codon.

Translation: Initiation (3) The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small subunit, with the mRNA between the two subunits. The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small subunit, with the mRNA between the two subunits. The methionine tRNA is in the first tRNA site on the large subunit. The methionine tRNA is in the first tRNA site on the large subunit.

Translation: Elongation 1 The second tRNA enters the second tRNA site The second tRNA enters the second tRNA site The tRNA that binds must be able to match its anticodon (CAA in this example) to base pair with the codon (GUU in this example) in the mRNA. The tRNA that binds must be able to match its anticodon (CAA in this example) to base pair with the codon (GUU in this example) in the mRNA. tRNAs with a CAA anticodon carry an attached valine amino acid, which was added to it by enzymes in the cytoplasm. tRNAs with a CAA anticodon carry an attached valine amino acid, which was added to it by enzymes in the cytoplasm.

Translation: Elongation 2 The catalytic site on the large subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond linking the amino acids The catalytic site on the large subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond linking the amino acids The two amino acids are now attached to the tRNA in the second binding position. The two amino acids are now attached to the tRNA in the second binding position.

Translation: Elongation 3 The "empty" tRNA is released and the ribosome moves down the mRNA, one codon to the right. The "empty" tRNA is released and the ribosome moves down the mRNA, one codon to the right. The tRNA that is attached to the two amino acids is now in the first tRNA binding site and the second tRNA binding site is empty. The tRNA that is attached to the two amino acids is now in the first tRNA binding site and the second tRNA binding site is empty.

Translation: Elongation 4 Another tRNA enters the second tRNA binding site carrying its attached amino acid. Another tRNA enters the second tRNA binding site carrying its attached amino acid. The tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with the codon. (Here, the CAU mRNA codon pairs with a GUA tRNA anticodon.) The tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with the codon. (Here, the CAU mRNA codon pairs with a GUA tRNA anticodon.) The tRNA molecule carries the amino acid histidine (his). The tRNA molecule carries the amino acid histidine (his).

Translation: Elongation 5 The catalytic site forms a new peptide bond, in this example, between the valine and the histidine. The catalytic site forms a new peptide bond, in this example, between the valine and the histidine. A three-amino acid chain is now attached to the tRNA in the second tRNA binding site. A three-amino acid chain is now attached to the tRNA in the second tRNA binding site. The empty tRNA in the first site is released and the ribosome moves one codon to the right. The empty tRNA in the first site is released and the ribosome moves one codon to the right.

Translation: Termination Binding of tRNAs, & formation of peptide bonds continues. Binding of tRNAs, & formation of peptide bonds continues. Ribosome reaches STOP codon (UAG). Ribosome reaches STOP codon (UAG). Protein "release factors" signal the ribosome to release the protein. Protein "release factors" signal the ribosome to release the protein. The mRNA is also released and large & small subunits separate. The mRNA is also released and large & small subunits separate.

G G G A G C G A U U U C A A C A U C C U MethionineGlycineValineetc. G G G A G T T C T G A template DNA strand (a) complementary DNA strand (b) mRNA (c) tRNA (d) protein amino acids anticodons codons gene etc. etc. etc. G T C C C C A A A T C Review: From DNA to amino acid chain

Amino Acids Active Protein Overview of Information Flow within the cell Inactive Protein (Cytoplasm) DNA (Nucleus) rRNAtRNA 1 Transcription + Proteins Ribosomes tRNA tRNA-AA mRNA mRNA 2 Translation 3 Modification Product Substrate 4 Degradation

The End