Safety reminders  No food or drinks in lab  No open-toed shoes Read Sulfur Dioxide Results Return Sulfur Dioxide Assignment LELLA group reports due on November 20 th

Be able to calculate Air Quality Index from the measured gas concentrations Be able to calculate the contribution of pollutant gases to the atmosphere from motor vehicle exhaust Be able to compare emissions from vehicles that operated using different fuel sources

The Air Quality Index is used to provide the public with an indication of air quality in a local area on a daily basis. It focuses on health effects experienced within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air. Based on: ground level ozone, particulates, CO, SO 2 & NO 2. The Concentrations correspond to an AQI

 Carbon monoxide (CO)  Lead (Pb)  Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )  Particulate Matter (PM)  Sulfur Oxides  Ozone

The latest national air pollution statistics released by the U.S. EPA (EPA 2000) reported that 27 of the 30 highest ozone readings during 1999 were in Texas. Texas was first in the number of days with unhealthy levels of ozone. Texas was first in air toxic emissions. Texas was first in emissions of ozone forming precursors (carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and volatile compounds). Texas was first in toxic air releases. Texas was second in particulate matter (PM 10 ) emissions. Texas was fifth in sulfur oxide release.

NOTE: Not one of the 6 criteria pollutants Product of combustion and respiration Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O > 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Combustion C 6 H O > 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy Hydrocarbons + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Greenhouse Gases (Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide) Increased by 33% in the last 300 years Annual average US temperature increase by C

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE ( 0 C) INCREASE

Mountaintop ecosystem will become endangered Recedes glacial Loss of coastal wetlands due to sea level rise Water shortages will worsen, drought and flood Warming in colder regions melting of icecaps and reducing skiing and winter sports Increase in severe weather Tropical diseases will spread north into temperate latitudes. GLOF

Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide  Product of incomplete Combustion  Very poisonous  Contributes to Ground Level Ozone Nitrous Dioxide  Contributes to Ground Level Ozone  Contributes to Acid Rain  Contributes to Eutrophication As the motor starts CO 2 is low, CO and Hydrocarbons high As the motor warms up and car runs CO 2 is high, CO and Hydrocarbons lower

Biodiesel Biodiesel is a cleaner-burning diesel fuel made from natural, renewable sources such as vegetable oils. Issues with biodiesel and alternative fuels

Vehicle 1  1989 Dodge Ram Charger mileage + 100,000  Fuel Type: GASOLINE Vehicle 2  2001 Bluebird Bus (Mean Green Environmental Machine)  Fuel Type: NATURAL GAS (methane) Vehicle 3  2008 Saturn Vue  Fuel Type: HYBRID (gasoline and electric)

H 1 : Exhaust emissions among three vehicles are significantly different to each other H 0 : Exhaust emissions among three vehicles are not significantly different to each other