Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850   California statehood.   Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.   Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)   California statehood.   Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.   Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

Clay’s Last Compromise North gets North gets: CA as free state Land dispute goes to NM (not TX) NM & UT given popular sovereignty Slave trade abolished in DC South gets South gets: Fugitive Slave Act Federal Gov’t would pay $10m TX pre-annex debt Congress backed off interstate slave trade Slavery in DC protected

Compromise of 1850

Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852   Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.   2 million in a decade!   Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.   2 million in a decade!

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]   Nativists.   Anti-Catholics.   Anti-immigrants.   Nativists.   Anti-Catholics.   Anti-immigrants.   1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852 Election Results

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854   Northern Whigs.   Northern Democrats.   Free-Soilers.   Know-Nothings.   Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.   Northern Whigs.   Northern Democrats.   Free-Soilers.   Know-Nothings.   Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig/American

1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Panic of 1857 Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Co. Overspeculation of RR & land Inflation caused by Gold Rush Sinking of 400 pounds of California gold during hurricane British removal of deposits led to bank scares (Crimean War) Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Co. Overspeculation of RR & land Inflation caused by Gold Rush Sinking of 400 pounds of California gold during hurricane British removal of deposits led to bank scares (Crimean War)

The Utah War Mormons were expelled from Missouri with the Extermination Order in Oct. 1838Mormons were expelled from Missouri with the Extermination Order in Oct –over 60 murdered & innumerable rapes forced evacuation in winter of ’39 –Haun’s Mill Massacre (Oct. 30, 1839) Illinois revoked the charter of Nauvoo in 1844 (followed by mob violence and the death of founder Joseph Smith)Illinois revoked the charter of Nauvoo in 1844 (followed by mob violence and the death of founder Joseph Smith) –Opposition to Mormonism arose over controversial new Mormon belief in polygamy –Nauvoo legion had 5,000 soldiers (largest militia in Illinois) Mormons forced to flee outside the U.S. border and eventually settled in modern-day UtahMormons forced to flee outside the U.S. border and eventually settled in modern-day Utah –Mormon Battalion formed in 1846 to fight in the Mexican-American War

Utah War Buchanan hoped to divert attention from the slaveryBuchanan hoped to divert attention from the slavery He replaced Brigham Young as territorial governor and sent an army in the fall of 1857 to deal with the “rebellious” MormonsHe replaced Brigham Young as territorial governor and sent an army in the fall of 1857 to deal with the “rebellious” Mormons Brigham Young responded by declaring martial law & refusing entrance to outsiders, threatening “to burn everything and withdraw to the hills”Brigham Young responded by declaring martial law & refusing entrance to outsiders, threatening “to burn everything and withdraw to the hills” Mountain Meadow MassacreMountain Meadow Massacre “Buchanan’s Blunder” ended in peaceful compromise“Buchanan’s Blunder” ended in peaceful compromise

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty?

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Body –John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave; (3X) –His soul's marching on! (Chorus)(Chorus) Glory, halle—hallelujah! Glory, halle—hallelujah!Glory, halle—hallelujah! Glory, halle—hallelujah! Glory, halle—hallelujah! his soul's marching on!Glory, halle—hallelujah! his soul's marching on! –He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! (3X) –His soul's marching on! (Chorus)(Chorus) –John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back! (3X)

–His soul's marching on! (Chorus)(Chorus) –His pet lambs will meet him on the way; (3X) –They go marching on! (Chorus)(Chorus) –They will hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple tree! (3X) –As they march along! (Chorus)(Chorus) –Now, three rousing cheers for the Union; (3X) –As we are marching on! (also known as the John Brown Song):

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Republican Party Platform in 1860   Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]   Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]   No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]   Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]   Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense   Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]   Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]   Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]   No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]   Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]   Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense   Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing- KY)

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861