Energy and Metabolism

I. Energy Basics

A. Forms of Energy - energy is the capacity to cause change

I.Energy Basics A. Forms of Energy - energy is the capacity to cause change 1. kinetic = energy of a moving body - thermal = energy of moving atoms - light = energy of moving photons - electricity = energy of moving charge 2. potential = energy in matter due to location/structure - potential kinetic (position) - potential electric (like in a battery or across a membrane) - chemical (energy that can be release by the breaking of chemical bonds)

I.Energy Basics A. Forms of Energy B. Laws of Thermodynamics

I.Energy Basics A. Forms of Energy B. Laws of Thermodynamics 1. Conservation of Energy: Energy/matter can not be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed.

I.Energy Basics A. Forms of Energy B. Laws of Thermodynamics 1. Conservation of Energy: Energy/matter can not be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed. 2. Law of Entropy: Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

4H 2 He + E = light E Light E Thermal E of skin, water Thermal E of skin Thermal E of water Potential on board Kinetic of diver Chemical E thermal body heat Chemical E kinetic E of muscles Kinetic E of muscles Potential E on board Transformations

Inefficiencies Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increases. P E W En

Transformations Inefficiencies Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increases. P E Life En

Transformations Inefficiencies Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increases. P E Life En

II.Metabolism Overview A. Catabolism and Anabolism: TO build a useful biomolecule (anabolism) or to do mechanical work (kinetic energy), the matter and energy must come from somewhere…. Except for photosynthesis, the source of energy used in living systems is chemical potential energy, harvested by catabolic processes called CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

CATABOLISM “ENTROPY” ENERGY FOR: ANABOLISMWORK Chemical Potential Energy

Energy+ +

+ + ATPADP + P + Energy Coupled Reaction

II.Metabolism Overview A. Catabolism and Anabolism: B. Cell Respiration: Harvesting Energy from Molecules

MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD MONOMERS and WASTE DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION ADP + PATP

B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism

B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS

B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present?Oxygen Absent? Aerobic Resp.Anaerobic Resp.

B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present?Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP

B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present?Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP Gateway CAC ETC LOTS OF ATP

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: - Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP What's needed to keep the reaction going?

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP What's needed t keep the reaction going? - glucose.... (moot)

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there - and you need NAD to accept the electrons....

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there - and you need NAD to accept the electrons.... AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+] DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING....

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis ATP What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there - and you need NAD to accept the electrons.... AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+] DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING.... CELLS HAVE EVOLVED TO RECYCLE NAD SO GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE....

LE 9-18 Pyruvate Glucose CYTOSOL No O 2 present Fermentation Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRION O 2 present Cellular respiration Citric acid cycle NAD+ PYRUVATE

B. Respiration 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation

LE 9-17a CO H + 2 NADH2 NAD + 2 Acetaldehyde 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 Pyruvate 2 2 Ethanol Alcohol fermentation Glucose Glycolysis

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation b. in animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation

LE 9-17b + 2 H + 2 NADH2 NAD + 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate Lactic acid fermentation Glucose Glycolysis

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation b. in animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation In both processes, NAD is recycled so glycolysis can continue… that is the primary goal Energy harvest by glycolysis can continue at a low rate.

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration (in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells) - Had Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH a - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

LE 9-10 Pyruvate NAD + Transport protein NADH + H + Coenzyme ACO 2 Acetyl Co A energy harvested as NADH Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration (in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells) - Had Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH a - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP

1. C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate)

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3.The second C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3.The second C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4.The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3.The second C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4.The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. 5.In summary, the C 2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose).

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration a - Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH b - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

d - Electron Transport Chain: transfer energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

LE 9-13 ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH 50 FADH 2 40 FMN FeS I FAD FeS II III Q FeS Cyt b Cyt c Cyt c 1 Cyt a Cyt a 3 IV 10 0 Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) H2OH2O O2O2 2 H / 2 electron ADP + P ATP RELEASES ENERGY STORES ENERGY

LE 9-13 ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH 50 FADH 2 40 FMN FeS I FAD FeS II III Q FeS Cyt b Cyt c Cyt c 1 Cyt a Cyt a 3 IV 10 0 Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) H2OH2O O2O2 2 H / 2 electron ADP + P ATP RELEASES ENERGY STORES ENERGY HEY!!! Here’s the first time O 2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product!

LE 9-15 Protein complex of electron carriers H+H+ ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle H+H+ Q III I II FAD FADH 2 + H + NADH NAD + (carrying electrons from food) Inner mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space H+H+ H+H+ Cyt c IV 2H / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + H+H+ ATP synthase Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H + ), Which create an H + gradient across the membrane P i Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H + back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation ETC: energy and electrons from NADH and FADH are used to pump H+ against gradient to inner membrane space…potential E.

LE 9-15 Protein complex of electron carriers H+H+ ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle H+H+ Q III I II FAD FADH 2 + H + NADH NAD + (carrying electrons from food) Inner mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space H+H+ H+H+ Cyt c IV 2H / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + H+H+ ATP synthase Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H + ), Which create an H + gradient across the membrane P i Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H + back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation ETC: energy and electrons from NADH and FADH are used to pump H+ against gradient to inner membrane space…potential E. Chemiosmosis: E in flow of H+ used to make bond in ATP.

B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration a - Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH b - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP - OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a metabolic waste - All carbons in glucose have been separated - Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP

If O 2 is NOT present, the ETC backs up and NADH and FADH can’t give up their electrons and H+ to the ETC

What happens then????

If O 2 is NOT present, the ETC backs up and NADH and FADH can’t give up their electrons and H+ to the ETC NADH is recycled through FERMENTATION to NAD so at least GLYCOLYSIS can continue!!

FOODCO2, water, and waste ADP + PATP ANABOLISM WORK

Phosphorylation of myosin causes it to toggle and bond to actin; release of phosphate causes it to return to low energy state and pull actin…contraction.

FOODCO2, water, and waste ADP + PATP ANABOLISM WORK