Chernobyl Disaster Worst Nuclear accident in 20 th century IMPACTS AND LESSONS [ID4115: Bioremediation of Soil and Water Resources, Fall 2013] Sandipan Dasgupta 4 th year, Integrated BS-MS, 10MS12 Department of Biological Sciences 1
April 26, 1986 : Pripyat, UKRAINE Chernobyl Nuclear power plant 1. A power surge in Reactor # 4. Attempted Emergency Shutdown. Fire in the vessel. Exposed graphite moderator to air. Large scale ignition of graphite. Released radionuclides 2 in atmosphere. Substantial radioactivity detected all over Europe. Notes: 1. Nuclear power plant: Where power is generated by exothermic fission reactions 2. Radionuclides: Atoms with unstable nuclei, excess energy and emit radiation. 2
Immediate effects Large scale fire. Official casuality: 31 1 (!!) Reactor burned for ~10 days. Radionuclides released: Ba, Kr, Cs, Pu, Np. 2 Countries affected: Whole Europe, worst hit Belarus, Ukarine, Russia. 1 1 Health effects of Chernobyl: IPPNW, April KASHPAROV, V.A., et al., Territory contamination with the radionuclides representing the fuel component of Chernobyl fallout, Sci. Total Environ. 317 (2003) 105– INSAG, Summary Report on the Post-accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident, Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-1, IAEA, Vienna (1986) 3 3
Long term effects Social: More than 350,700 people evacuated, many died later. Political: Questions over using nuclear energy. Environmental: Unprecented release of harmful radionuclides in atmosphere (Soil, air, water) Ref: Chernobyl source term, atmospheric dispersion, and dose estimation, Energy Citations Database, 1 November
Impact on environment: Soil Soil: Direct contact with various living forms Increase in heavy metal concentration in soil. Damage to microorganisms, Altered biodiversity structure. Altered soil biodiversity, 1 DE CORT, M., Atlas of Caesium Deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl Accident, Rep , Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg (1998). 1 5
Impact on environment: Agriculture Caesium, Strontium, Iodine: Mobile in environment 1. High Cs and Iodine concentration in French cows in 1986/ Leach to groundwater column. Loss of nutritional value in plants. Bioaccumulation. [3] 1 HOWARD, B.J., The concept of radioecological sensitivity, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 92 (2000) 29–34 2 BERESFORD, N.A., et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 4455– SHESTOPALOV, V.M.at al, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Special issue 1 (2003) 39–47. 6
Impact on environment: Forest Nuclides with long half lives: Cs, Pu, Sr. Substantial contamination in Belarus, Ukraine, Russian Federation. Radiation doses to workers in paper industry in Russia. 1 1 AVILA, R., et al., NATO Science Series, Vol. 58, Kluwer, Dordrecht (1999) 173–183. 7
Impact on environment: Water Radioactivity found MORE in CLOSED Lake systems. Bioaccumulation observed in fishes in Belarus 1. Adsorption to fine particles affect the mobility and bioaccumulation 2. Contamination can also occur by run off from the soil 3. Adsorbed radionuclides can settle at the bed 4. Ground water contamination is not very significant due to rapid decay 5. 1 KRYSHEV, I.I. et al, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow (1990) 116– VOITSEKHOVITCH, O.V, Maps of Cs-137 in the Bottom Sediments of the Dnieper Reservoirs, Ukrainian Hydro meteorological Institute, Kiev (1997) 3 SAXÈN, R., ILUS, E., Discharge of 137Cs and 90Sr by Finnish rivers to the Baltic Sea in 1986–1996, J. Environ. Radioact. 54 (2001) 275– HILTON J et al, Sci. Total Environ. 129 (1993) 253– Official report of Chernobyl impact, IAEA, Vienna 8
Impact on Human Exposure pathways External Internal Clouds Soil Inhalation of cont. air Ingestion of cont. fishes Ref: IAEA, Vienna 9
Over 6000 thyroid cancer cases till May be due to radioactive Iodine (??) Infrequent soild tumours, birth defects has decreased 1. Increased concentration of radionuclides in the tissue. Exaggerated mental behaivor due to radiation. Unprecedented Abortion requests in Greece 2. (!!) Impact on Human 1 Health effects of Chernobyl: IPPNW, April The victims of Chernobyl in Greece: induced abortions after the accident. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) October 31; 10
What could be done? Accident occurred solely due to human error. Have proper Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for both normal and emergency situations. Monitor Moderator Efficiency. Proper Waste Management. Identify the wastes. Maintain an exclusion zone. Monitor constantly. 11
Comprehensive risk assessment. Adequate methods, equipment, staff selection and monitoring. Development of an exhaustive waste management programme. Proper rehabilitation of waste exclusion zone. IAEA Recommendations 12
Thank you for listening 13