CH.1 Red, White, Black Questions

Section 1 Who were the first inhabitants of the “NewWorld”? People that most likely came from Asia, Africa, and Europe

Section 1 - A Where did they come from? They came from Asia, most likely Siberia

Section 1 - B What were they like? Nomadic people from inhospitable environment of Siberia, that followed the animals across Beringia

Section 1 - C How had their societies change over the millennia that proceeded the arrival of Europeans? They became more civilized, designed languages, learning to farm, and formed civilizations, having a vast knowledge of the land as Europeans arrived.

Section 1 - D Can their history be reconstructed from the mists of prehistoric time? Yes

Section 2  What was-and still is-the strategic element in the chain of life?  Plant food was and still is the strategic element in the chain of life

Section 2 - A  What is the term associated with the control of the life of plants?  Agriculture

Section 2 - B  What reshaped the cultural outlines of native societies?  The ability to partially control nature and the production of domesticated plant food.

Section 3  “When Europeans first reached the ‘New World,’ Native Americans were in widely different phases of the agricultural revolution.” Briefly define and describe these regional societies. (Southwest, Pacific Northwest, Atlantic Tidewater, Ohio River Valley, Mississippian, Southeast)

Section 3 – Southwest  Honokam and Anasazi groups, called Pueblo people, constructed houses on defensiove sites, used irrigation canals, check-dams, and hillside terrace farming. They also used ceramic and cotton, all of this making it easier for survival.

Section 3 – Pacific Northwest  Tlingit, Haida, Kwkiutl, and Salish people. They lived from salmon and fish caught from the rivers, they were one of the first groups to use totem poles, and they used elaborate masks and costumes in their dance rituals and potlatch ceremonies.

Atlantic Tidewater  They spoke four different languages: Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskogean, and Siovan. They lived off of agriculture and hunting, and made one of the first basic trading systems

Section 3 - Ohio River Valley  They were also know as the Hoepwell Mound Builders. They built geometric structures with intricate designs used for religious happenings, burial sites, and ceremonial places. They were the first ancestor of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Natchez.

Section 3 - Mississippian  These people were simialr to the Ohio River Valley people in that they also built mounds for religious and ceremonial places. This group made the one of the first “cities”, the Cahokia.

Section 3 - Southeast  This was the most heavily populated regions, with rich and very complex cultures within their settlements. Hey have elaborate pottery making and basket weaving techniques.

Section 4 -A  The Iroquois League that stretched from the Adirondack Mountains to the Great Lakes and from what is present day New York to Pennsylvania was composed of five major tribes. Identify these tribes.  Mohawks (“People of the Flint”), Onedias (“People of the Stone”), Onondagas (“People of the Mountain”), Cayugas (“People at the Landing”), and Senecas (“Great Hill People”)

Section 4 - B  What “facilitated the development of a coordinated Iroquois policy”?  By learning to suppress “Family feuds”, they gained political stability, and made a system of diplomacy with other tribes and the Europeans

Section 4 - C  What marked the kinship groups as different from Europeans?  Iroquois family groups are matrilineal, or tracing the family through the mother’s blood line, rather than tracing family through the father’s blood line.

Section 4 - D  Discuss this difference, detailing several aspects.  The family traced through mothers and sons remain in the family until they get married, where they then are a part of the wife’s family.

Section 4 - E  Why were the Iroquois feared and hated by their neighbors?  They emerged as one of the strongest, most politically unified, and they were the most aggressive societies in the NorthEast Woodlands

Section 5  5. What caused a marked decline in the Native American populations following encounters with Europeans ?  ( about 90% in most areas) The europeans brought over diseases that spread like a wildfire.  Diseases include, but are not limited to: smallpox, chickenpox, measles, flu, and STDs

Section 6 6a. What were the primary differences between the world view of Europeans and Native Americans? Natives view of the world was sacred and secular. They had no separation of secular and sacred things. They saw things in a spiritual way. Also they took care of their land and nature. They thought that the land was to be shared equally to each man. The Natives weren’t selfish either. They thought of the group as a whole instead of each individual person.

Section 6 (cont.)  Europeans were more selfish and greedy in their world view. They saw the earth as theirs and no one else's. They distinguished sacred things and secular things greatly. The world for them was man’s gain. Thus people bought land for their selves. Europeans were more selfish and taking. Personal ambition was one of the main reasons for migration.