THE FOOD WEB DO NOW: What do you think is the most important organism in the oceanic food web?

THE FOOD WEB DO NOW: What is in the picture above? Is it a fish Sperm whales are easily recognized by their massive heads and prominent rounded foreheads. They have the largest brain of any creature known to have lived on Earth. Their heads also hold large quantities of a substance called spermaceti. Whalers once believed that the oily fluid was sperm, but scientists still do not understand the function of spermaceti. One common theory is that the fluid—which hardens to wax when cold—helps the whale alter its buoyancy so it can dive deep and rise again. Sperm whales are known to dive as deep as 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) in search of squid to eat. These giant mammals must hold their breath for up to 90 minutes on such dives. Feeds on squid and other smaller species with the ability to fish in the bathypelagic zone. DO NOW: What is in the picture above? Is it a fish or a mammal? What zone do you think it lives in? What does it eat?

The Ocean The entire body of salt water that covers about 72% of the earth's surface. Average salinity – 3.5% Average pH – 8.179 4/26/2017

Oceans & Their Names How many oceans are there and what are their names? Animated map exhibiting the world's oceanic waters. A continuous body of water encircling the Earth, the World Ocean is divided into a number of principal areas with relatively free interchange among them. Five oceanic divisions are usually reckoned: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern; the last two listed are sometimes consolidated into the first three. 4/26/2017

Another Look! The word ocean refers to one of the Earth's four distinct, large areas of salt water, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans. The word can also mean the entire network of water that covers almost three quarters of our planet. It comes from the Greek Okeanos, a river believed to circle the globe. The word sea can also mean the vast ocean covering most of the world. But it more commonly refers to large landlocked or almost landlocked salty waters smaller than the great oceans, such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Bering Sea. Sailors have long referred to all the world's waters as the seven seas. Although the origin of this phrase is not known for certain, many people believe it referred to the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Black Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Indian Ocean, which were the waters of primary interest to Europeans before Columbus. 4/26/2017

What are the Seven Seas that sailors used to refer to? Also large salt water bodies By definition – landlocked (or almost landlocked) bodies of water smaller than the great oceans What are the Seven Seas that sailors used to refer to? Examples: Bering Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea The word ocean refers to one of the Earth's four distinct, large areas of salt water, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans. The word can also mean the entire network of water that covers almost three quarters of our planet. It comes from the Greek Okeanos, a river believed to circle the globe. The word sea can also mean the vast ocean covering most of the world. But it more commonly refers to large landlocked or almost landlocked salty waters smaller than the great oceans, such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Bering Sea. Sailors have long referred to all the world's waters as the seven seas. Although the origin of this phrase is not known for certain, many people believe it referred to the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Black Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Indian Ocean, which were the waters of primary interest to Europeans before Columbus. 4/26/2017

Look For the Following Key Ideas * Energy flows through living systems, but matter is recycled. * Primary producers, called autotrophs, synthesize glucose by the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. * Heterotrophs cannot synthesize glucose, and must consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food. * Feeding relationships resemble webs. * Phytoplankton are some of the world’s most important producers; zooplankton are the most abundant consumers in the ocean. 4/26/2017

Oceanographers divide the ocean into regions depending on physical and biological conditions of these areas. -Pelagic Zone -Neritic Zone -Photic Zone -Oceanic Zone -Littoral Zones -Benthic Zone -Intertidal Zone The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions, and can be divided into further regions categorized by depth and light abundance. The photic zone covers the oceans from surface level to 200 meters down. This is the region where photosynthesis can occur and therefore is the most biodiverse. The littoral zone is that part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore. In coastal environments the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged. It always includes this intertidal zone and is often used to mean the same as the intertidal zone. However, the meaning of "littoral zone" can extend well beyond the intertidal zone. The intertidal zone (also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone) is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide (for example, the area between tide marks). This area can include many different types of habitats, with many types of animals like starfish, sea urchins, and some species of coral. The well known area also includes steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats). The area can be a narrow strip, as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The neritic zone, also called coastal waters, the coastal ocean or the sublittoral zone,[1] is the part of the ocean extending from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, with a relatively shallow depth extending to about 200 meters (100 fathoms or 665 feet). The neritic zone has generally well-oxygenated water, low water pressure, and relatively stable temperature and salinity levels. These, combined with presence of light and the resulting photosynthetic life, such as phytoplankton and floating sargassum[2], make the neritic zone the location of the majority of sea life.Zooplankton, free-floating creatures ranging from microscopic foraminiferans to small fish and shrimp, live in this zone, and together with the phytoplankton form the base of the food pyramid that supports most of the world's great fishing areas. The oceanic zone (The oceanic zone is subdivided into the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones) begins in the area off shore where the water measures 200 meters (656 feet) deep or deeper. It is the region of open sea beyond the edge of the continental shelf and includes 65% of the ocean’s completely open water. The oceanic zone has a wide array of undersea terrain, including crevices that are often deeper than Mount Everest is tall, as well as deep-sea volcanoes and ocean basins. While it is often difficult for life to sustain itself in this type of environment, some species do thrive in the oceanic zone (Col). The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos. They generally live in close relationship with the substrate bottom; many such organisms are permanently attached to the bottom. The superficial layer of the soil lining the given body of water, the benthic boundary layer, is an integral part of the benthic zone, as it influences greatly the biological activity which takes place there. Examples of contact soil layers include sand bottoms, rocky outcrops, coral, and bay mud. 4/26/2017

The Five Pelagic Zones of the Ocean Euphotic & Disphotic Zone Aphotic Zone (“No Light”) Epipelagic Zone – AKA euphotic (good light or well lit) zone and disphotic zone. The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic zone and extends from the surface to 200 meters (656 feet). It is also known as the sunlight zone because this is where most of the visible light exists. With the light come heat. This heat is responsible for the wide range of temperatures that occur in this zone.This is where we find all of the autotrophs such as phytoplankton and zooplankton, and 90% of all marine life. Examples of organisms living in this zone are plankton, floating seaweed, jellyfish, tuna, many sharks, and dolphins. Mesopelagic Zone - Below the epipelagic zone is the mesopelagic zone, extending from 200 meters (656 feet) to 1000 meters (3281 feet). The mesopelagic zone is sometimes referred to as the twilight zone or the midwater zone. The light that penetrates to this depth is extremely faint. It is in this zone that we begin to see the twinkling lights of bioluminescent creatures. A great diversity of strange and bizarre fishes can be found here. Animals such as swordfish, squids, wolf eels, cuttlefish, and other semi-deepsea creatures live here. Also, there is enough sunlight for animals, such as the chain catshark, to be fluorescent. Bathypelagic Zone - The next layer is called the bathypelagic zone. It is sometimes referred to as the midnight zone or the dark zone. This zone extends from 1000 meters (3281 feet) down to 4000 meters (13,124 feet). Here the only visible light is that produced by the creatures themselves. The water pressure at this depth is immense, reaching 5,850 pounds per square inch. In spite of the pressure, a surprisingly large number of creatures can be found here. Sperm whales can dive down to this level in search of food. Most of the animals that live at these depths are black or red in color due to the lack of light. Because of the lack of light, some species do not have eyes, however those possessing eyes in this zone include the viperfish and the frill shark. Many forms of nekton live in the bathyal zone, such as squid, large whales and octopuses, but this zone is difficult for fish to live in. Sponges, brachiopods, sea stars, and echinoids are also common in the bathyal zone. The fish in this zone have become very energy efficient, since it is especially hard to find nutrients. Many have slow metabolic rates to conserve energy. The fish here have weak muscles, soft skin and slimy bodies. Animals in the bathyal zone are not threatened by predators that can see them, so they do not have powerful muscles. Animals need to have the right adaptions to survive in this lethal area. There are few plants because of lack of sunlight, as they need sunlight to produce their food through photosynthesis. The bathyal zone holds some of the world's largest whales. Abyssopelagic Zone - The next layer is called the abyssopelagic zone, also known as the abyssal zone or simply as the abyss. It extends from 4000 meters (13,124 feet) to 6000 meters (19,686 feet). The name comes from a Greek word meaning "no bottom". The water temperature is near freezing, and there is no light at all. Very few creatures can be found at these crushing depths. Most of these are invertebrates such as basket stars and tiny squids. Three-quarters of the ocean floor lies within this zone. The deepest fish ever discovered was found in the Puerto Rico Trench at a depth of 27,460 feet (8,372 meters). Its permanent inhabitants (for example, the black swallower, tripod fish, deep-sea anglerfish and the giant squid) are able to withstand the immense pressures of the ocean depths, up to 76 megapascals (11,000 psi).[1] Many abyssal creatures have underslung jaws to sift through the sand to catch food.[2] The deep trenches or fissures that plunge down thousands of meters (feet) below the ocean floor (for example, the midoceanic trenches such as the Mariana Trench in the Pacific) are almost unexplored.[1] Only the bathyscaphe Trieste, the remote control submarine Kaiko and the Nereus have been able to descend to these depths.[3][4] These regions are also characterized by continuous cold and lack of nutrients. The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2°C to 3°C (35°F to 37°F) through the large majority of its mass.[2] Hadalpelagic Zone - Beyond the abyssopelagic zone lies the forbidding hadalpelagic zone. This layer extends from 6000 meters (19,686 feet) to the bottom of the deepest parts of the ocean. These areas are mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons. The deepest point in the ocean is located in the Mariana Trench off the coast of Japan at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters). The temperature of the water is just above freezing, and the pressure is an incredible eight tons per square inch. That is approximately the weight of 48 Boeing 747 jets. In spite of the pressure and temperature, life can still be found here. Invertebrates such as starfish and tube worms can thrive at these depths. In 1960, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh reached the Mariana Trench, the deepest known trench on Earth, and observed life.[1] It is believed that most life at this depth is sustained by marine snow or the chemical reactions around thermal vents. The lack of light and intense pressure create hostile living conditions, and few species are adapted to these conditions. As no sunlight reaches this layer of the ocean, deep sea creatures have adapted with reduced eyesight, having very large eyes for receiving only bioluminescent flashes. Most of the bottom dwelling creatures lack any pigmentation since coloration is not useful in an environment with no light. Organisms removed from this zone will die in the lower-pressure areas above.[2] The most common organisms include jellyfish, viperfish, tube worms, sea cucumbers, and the deep sea angler fish.[3] The hadal zone can reach far below 6,000 meters (20,000 feet) deep; the deepest known is at 10,911 meters (35,814 ft).[4] At such depths, for example at 36,000 feet below sea level, the pressure in the Hadal zone will reach over 1,100 standard atmospheres (110 MPa; 16,000 psi). In the deep ocean, marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant means of exporting energy from the light-rich photic zone to the aphotic zone below. The term was first coined by the explorer William Beebe as he observed it from his bathysphere. As the origin of marine snow lies in activities within the productive photic zone, the prevalence of marine snow changes with seasonal fluctuations in photosynthetic activity and ocean currents. What adaptations might these fish have developed to survive in the different zones? 4/26/2017

Why is it important for us to understand the oceans biodiversity? Aquatic Food Web Why is it important for us to understand the oceans biodiversity? The interactions of organisms with other organisms and with their physical environment form the basis of the study of ecology. Food chains and webs are often used to portray these interactions. Plants (producers) use sunlight and inorganic materials to produce the organic compounds that become food and nutrients for other organisms—the consumers. Those animals that feed upon plants are called primary consumers, while animals that eat other animals are secondary or even tertiary consumers. Scavengers feed on dead organisms, while decomposers break down nonliving organic matter into materials that again are available to enter the food chain as nutrients. Nutrients of the marine ecosystem tend to settle to the bottom. Upwelling of cool water brings the nutrients closer to the surface where they are available to phytoplankton (very small plants drifting in the sea). The phytoplankton, in turn, become food for zooplankton (very small ocean animals) and larger organisms. Mysids (tiny shrimp), barnacles, fish, sponges, sharks, dolphins, and sea birds are just some of the many animals seen in Ocean Oasis. Eliminate Just One and name the sequence of events that follows 4/26/2017

Primary Producers Sites to visit: Google Earth, NCDDC.NOAA.gov, AMETSOC.org 4/26/2017

Kelp forests Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth.[1] Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds. Kelp forests occur worldwide throughout temperate and polar coastal oceans.[1] In 2007, kelp forests were also discovered in tropical waters near Ecuador.[2] Physically formed by brown macroalgae of the order Laminariales, kelp forests provide a unique three-dimensional habitat for marine organisms and are a source for understanding many ecological processes. Over the last century, they have been the focus of extensive research, particularly in trophic ecology, and continue to provoke important ideas that are relevant beyond this unique ecosystem. For example, kelp forests can influence coastal oceanographic patterns[3] and provide many ecosystem services.[4] Kelp forests are one of the ocean’s most productive habitats. 4/26/2017

Capture and Flow of Energy Most of the energy used by marine organisms to make food comes from the sun. Photosynthesis is the process used by most producers to convert the sun’s energy to food energy. Chemosynthesis is the production of food from inorganic molecules in the environment. 4/26/2017

Capture and Flow of Energy The flow of energy through living systems. 4/26/2017

The Cycling of Matter The cycling of matter through living systems. 4/26/2017

Feeding Relationships What terms are used to describe feeding relationships? Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food, also called producers. Heterotrophs - organisms that must consume other organisms for energy Trophic pyramid - a model that describes who eats whom Primary consumers - these organisms eat producers Secondary Consumers - these organisms eat primary consumers Top consumers - the top of the tropic pyramid 4/26/2017

Feeding Relationships 4/26/2017

Primary Productivity Synthesis of organic material from inorganic substances is primary productivity. Primary productivity is measured in grams of carbon bound into organic material per square meter of ocean surface per year, or, more simply: gC/m2/yr Recent studies suggest that total ocean productivity is between 75 gC/ m2/yr and 150 gC/ m2/yr. 4/26/2017

Primary Productivity Oceanic productivity is measured in gC/ m2/yr. 4/26/2017

Factors That Limit Productivity What factors could limit primary productivity? Water Carbon dioxide Inorganic nutrients Sunlight Since water and carbon dioxide are in good supply in the ocean, the factors that usually limit primary productivity are inorganic nutrients and sunlight. 4/26/2017

Plankton Plankton are drifting autotrophs. Plankton is a group of many species, some photosynthetic and some chemosynthetic. Scientists can collect and study plankton using plankton nets. 4/26/2017

Plankton What are the major types of phytoplankton? Diatoms - the dominant and most productive of the photosynthetic plankton Dinoflagellates - widely distributed single-celled phytoplankton; use flagella to move Coccolithophores and silicoflagellates - small single celled autotrophs Nanoplankton and picoplankton - this category encompasses most other types of plankton, which are very small. 4/26/2017

The Euphotic Zone The euphotic zone is the site of photosynthetic production. 4/26/2017

Compensation Depth What is the balance between respiration and photosynthesis at different depths? The compensation depth is the “break even” depth. Remember, many factors affect compensation depth; it is not fixed and will vary between locations and at different times of day. 4/26/2017

Global Distribution of Plankton Productivity The distribution of phytoplankton corresponds to the distribution of macronutrients. The productivity of plankton varies between the seasons. 4/26/2017

Larger Marine Producers Some oceanic autotrophs are attached (remember, plankton are drifters). Attached autotrophs are forms of protists we commonly call algae, or seaweed. Seaweeds can be classified based on the type of pigments they have. Chlorophytes are green due to the presence of chlorophyll and the lack of accessory pigments. Phaeophytes are brown. They contain chlorophyll and the secondary pigment fucoxanthin Rhodophytes These seaweeds get their red color from the accessory pigments called phycobilius. 4/26/2017

Larger Marine Producers Rhodophytes can be encrusting (a) or erect (b). 4/26/2017

Marine Angiosperms Angiosperms are advanced vascular plants that reproduce with flowers and seed. Most angiosperms are found on land but a few species are found in ocean environments. Sea grasses are found on the coasts. Their seeds are distributed by water. Seagrasses are very productive as compared to phytoplankton. Mangroves are found in sediment rich lagoons, bays and estuaries. 4/26/2017

Marine Angiosperms Mangroves have distinctive roots that provide anchorage, trap sediment and protect small organisms. 4/26/2017

Basic Food Chain Diatoms, and other primary producers, convert the energy from the sun into food used by the rest of the oceanic community. 4/26/2017

THE END