International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 1 Regional Organizations European Union (EU) as an example –How regional TREATIES reshaped war-torn Europe

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 2 May 1, 2004 Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia March 24, 2005 Houston 25 members, 450 million population

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 3 EEC European Coal and Steel Community 1951 European Atomic Energy Community 1957 European Economic Community 1957 European Economic Communities

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 4 EU 1992 ECSC 1951 Rome Treaty 1957 Signal European Act 1986 European Union Common Foreign Security Policy

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 5 EU 1992 ECSC 1951 Rome Treaty 1957 Signal European Act 1986 European Union Common Foreign Security Policy Justice & Home Affairs

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 6 EU 1992 ECSC 1951 Rome Treaty 1957 Signal European Act 1986 European Union Common Foreign Security Policy Justice & Home Affairs

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 7 EU 2002 ECSC 1951 Rome Treaty 1957 Signal European Act 1986 European Union Common Foreign Security Policy Justice & Home Affairs

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 8 Institutions European Parliament Council of the European Union - PresidencyCouncil of the European UnionPresidency European Commission Court of Justice of the European CommunitiesCourt of Justice of the European Communities European Court of Auditors European Ombudsman European Data Protection Supervisor

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 9 Hierarchy of Laws Article 249 of THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY In order to carry out their task and in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, the European Parliament acting jointly with the Council, the Council and the Commission shall make regulations and issue directives, take decisions, make recommendations or deliver opinions. A regulation shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. A decision shall be binding in its entirety upon those to whom it is addressed. Recommendations and opinions shall have no binding force.

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 10 European Court of Justice European Court of Justice (1952) Court of First Instance (1988)

International & Foreign Law Search, Liu 11 Supremacy and Effectiveness Leading Cases –Case 26/62 Van [1963] CMLR 105 Gend en Loos –Case C-213/89; [1990] 3 CMLR 1 Factortame EU case Bluebook Citation